Abstract
Reducing the overuse of mineral fertilizers in crop production is a key factor related to healthier soil, healthier food, and more economical, efficient, and cleaner agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the effects of fixed and variable rate fertilization with fertilizer consumption, energy consumption, and environmental impact. A 4-year experimental field study using crop rotation of four plants (spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean) was performed. Fertilization with phosphorus and potassium at a variable rate were performed and applied based on the soil properties analyzed before the start of the research and completion of the fertilization maps. Nitrogen fertilization was performed by additional fertilization using a proximal N-sensor, which gives the accurate nitrogen uptake in plants in real-time. This was followed by a comparative evaluation analysis of variables and conventional fixed-rate fertilization methods to assess fertilizer consumption, energy consumption, environmental impact, and economic efficiency. The results of the study showed that an application of a variable fertilization rate can reduce the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers by 24.9%, energy consumption by 3463.1 kg ha−1, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 341.5 kg CO2eq ha−1 compared to fixed fertilization rate. The method of fertilization with a variable application rate reduced the costs of fertilization, and at the same time, the costs of the total plant production by €168.0 ha−1, on average.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Variable fertilization reduced total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use by 24.9% relative to fixed rates.
- Taxon
- spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus
Vicia faba.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgare
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- variable fertilization ratee0
- Outcome
- total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizerse0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 24.9%e0
- Comparator
- fixed fertilization ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“an application of a variable fertilization rate can reduce the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers by 24.9%, energy consumption by 3463.1 kg ha−1, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 341.5 kg CO2eq ha−1 compared to fixed fertilization rate”
t0“crop rotation of four plants (spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable fertilization reduced energy consumption by 3463.1 kg ha−1 relative to fixed rates.
- Taxon
- spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba beanBrassica napusVicia fabaHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- variable fertilization ratee0
- Outcome
- energy consumptione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 3463.1 kg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- fixed fertilization ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an application of a variable fertilization rate can reduce the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers by 24.9%, energy consumption by 3463.1 kg ha−1, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 341.5 kg CO2eq ha−1 compared to fixed fertilization rate”
t0“crop rotation of four plants (spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable fertilization reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 341.5 kg CO2eq ha−1 relative to fixed rates.
- Taxon
- spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba beanBrassica napusVicia fabaHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- variable fertilization ratee0
- Outcome
- emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG)e0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 341.5 kg CO2eq ha−1e0
- Comparator
- fixed fertilization ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an application of a variable fertilization rate can reduce the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers by 24.9%, energy consumption by 3463.1 kg ha−1, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 341.5 kg CO2eq ha−1 compared to fixed fertilization rate”
t0“crop rotation of four plants (spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable rate fertilization reduced fertilization costs.
- Taxon
- spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba beanBrassica napusVicia fabaHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization with a variable application ratee0
- Outcome
- costs of fertilizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The method of fertilization with a variable application rate reduced the costs of fertilization, and at the same time, the costs of the total plant production by €168.0 ha−1, on average.”
t0“crop rotation of four plants (spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable rate fertilization reduced total plant production costs by €168.0 ha−1 on average.
- Taxon
- spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba beanBrassica napusVicia fabaHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization with a variable application ratee0
- Outcome
- costs of the total plant productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- €168.0 ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The method of fertilization with a variable application rate reduced the costs of fertilization, and at the same time, the costs of the total plant production by €168.0 ha−1, on average.”
t0“crop rotation of four plants (spring barley, winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and faba bean)”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · environment: emissions · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
fertilization · pest · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →fertilization · environment: emissions · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →fertilization · pest · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →fertilization · environment: emissions · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →fertilization · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 21 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
80 papers more in this group
See all 84 papers →fertilization · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
158 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
172 papers more in this group
See all 176 papers →fertilization · yield · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
336 papers in the same direction as this paper · 37 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
374 papers more in this group
See all 378 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.