Abstract
Understanding the response of farmland weed community assembly to fertilization is important for designing better nutrient management strategies in integrated farmland ecological systems. Many studies have focused on weed characteristics, mainly crop–weed competition responses to fertilization or weed communities alone. However, weed community assembly in association with crop growth is poorly understood in the agroecosystems, but is important for the determination of integrated weed management. Biodiversity promotes ecosystem productivity in the grassland, but whether it applies to the agroecosystems is unclear. Based on an 11-year field experiment, the cumulative effects of different fertilization patterns on the floristic composition and species diversity of farmland weed communities along with wheat growth in a winter wheat–soybean rotation were investigated. The field trial included five fertilization patterns with different combinations of N, P and K fertilizers. Species composition and diversity of weed communities, aboveground plant biomass and nutrient accumulation of weeds and winter wheat, light penetration to the ground surface and wheat yield were measured at each plot in 2009 and 2010. Multivariate analysis, regression and analysis of variance were used to analyze the responses of these parameters to the different fertilization treatments. Four dominant weeds (Galium aparine L., Veronica persica Poir., Vicia sativa L. and Geranium carolinianum L.) accounted for ~90% of the total weed density in the 2 years of experimental duration. The residual weed community assembly was influenced primarily by topsoil available nutrients in the order P > N > K. Competition for nutrients and solar radiation between crops and weeds was the main indirect effect of fertilization on the changes in weed community composition and species diversity. The indices of species diversity (species richness, Shannon–Wiener, Pielou and Simpson indices) showed significant linear relationships with wheat yield. The balanced fertilization treatment was more efficient at inhibiting the potential growth of weeds because of solar radiation being intercepted by wheat. These results support the conclusion that wheat yield is favored by balanced fertilization, whereas the weed community is favored by PK fertilization in terms of density and diversity. However, the negative effects on wheat yield may be compromised by simultaneous positive effects of weed communities in the fertilization treatments, for instance, the NP and NK treatments, which are intermediate in terms of increasing wheat production and to a level maintaining a diverse community.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Four named weeds accounted for about 90% of total weed density.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- total weed densitye0
- Value
- ~90%e0
- Qualifier
- Galium aparine L., Veronica persica Poir., Vicia sativa L. and Geranium carolinianum L.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four dominant weeds (Galium aparine L., Veronica persica Poir., Vicia sativa L. and Geranium carolinianum L.) accounted for ~90% of the total weed density in the 2 years of experimental duration.”
e1“winter wheat–soybean rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual weed community assembly was associated primarily with available topsoil nutrients in the order P, N, K.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- topsoil available nutrientse0
- Outcome
- residual weed community assemblye0
- Qualifier
- P > N > Ke0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The residual weed community assembly was influenced primarily by topsoil available nutrients in the order P > N > K.”
e1“winter wheat–soybean rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop weed competition for nutrients and sunlight was identified as the main indirect fertilization effect on weed community composition.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- weed community compositione0
- Qualifier
- Competition for nutrients and solar radiation between crops and weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Competition for nutrients and solar radiation between crops and weeds was the main indirect effect of fertilization on the changes in weed community composition and species diversity.”
e1“winter wheat–soybean rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop weed competition for nutrients and sunlight was identified as the main indirect fertilization effect on weed species diversity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- species diversitye0
- Qualifier
- Competition for nutrients and solar radiation between crops and weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Competition for nutrients and solar radiation between crops and weeds was the main indirect effect of fertilization on the changes in weed community composition and species diversity.”
e1“winter wheat–soybean rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed diversity indices had significant linear relationships with wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Qualifier
- significant linear relationshipse0
- Comparator
- indices of species diversitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The indices of species diversity (species richness, Shannon–Wiener, Pielou and Simpson indices) showed significant linear relationships with wheat yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced fertilization more efficiently inhibited potential weed growth through wheat interception of solar radiation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- balanced fertilization treatmente0
- Outcome
- potential growth of weedse0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Qualifier
- solar radiation being intercepted by wheate0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The balanced fertilization treatment was more efficient at inhibiting the potential growth of weeds because of solar radiation being intercepted by wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced fertilization favored wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- balanced fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat yield is favored by balanced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
PK fertilization favored weed density.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PK fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- densitye0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the weed community is favored by PK fertilization in terms of density and diversity”
e1“winter wheat–soybean rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
PK fertilization favored weed diversity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PK fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- diversitye0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the weed community is favored by PK fertilization in terms of density and diversity”
e1“winter wheat–soybean rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
NP and NK treatments provided intermediate wheat production and maintained a diverse weed community.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NP and NK treatmentse0
- Outcome
- increasing wheat production and to a level maintaining a diverse communitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NP and NK treatments, which are intermediate in terms of increasing wheat production and to a level maintaining a diverse community”
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