Abstract
Field trials on controlled release fertilizers (CRF) and a nitrification inhibitor (NI) were conducted in order to show their potential to increase N use efficiency (NUE) and to conserve air and water quality. For this purpose, flood irrigated barley grown on a clay soil (Colorado, USA), center-pivot irrigated potato grown in a sandy field (Colorado, USA), and corn grown on a loamy soil at a large scale lysimeter (Fukushima, Japan) were selected. NI (dicyandiamide) and CRF (polyolefin coated urea) were capable of reducing N2O emissions from urea applied to the barley field by 81 % and 35 %, respectively. Total N fertilizer losses averaged 15 and 10 % in the NI and urea treatments, respectively. On the other hand, those from the CRF treatment averaged only 1.9 %, indicating that CRF showed the highest potential to increase N use efficiency. The trials in the potato field demonstrated that CRF could markedly increase NUE and tuber yields. A single basal application of CRF at planting (N rate, 112 kg ha−1) produced tuber yields comparable with those of traditional fertilizer applications (112 kg N ha−1)by basal dressing, 90 kg N ha−1 by topdressing and 67 kg N ha−1 by 8 fertilizations). The urea and CRF plots in the corn fields showed similar N2O emission patterns, having two high emission periods following the basal and topdressed N applications in the urea plots and the enhanced N release from a short linear formulation and a long sigmoidal formulation in the CRF plots, respectively. However, the total N2O emission value of the CRF plots was almost one third of that of the urea plots. The plant recovery of CRF N was almost two times of that of urea N. Finally, the authors discussed that contributions of CRF and NI to conserve air and water quality are basically due to maximizing NUE and reducing the N fertilization rate.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Dicyandiamide reduced N2O emissions from urea in a barley field by 81%.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- NI (dicyandiamide)e0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 81 %e0
- Comparator
- ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“NI (dicyandiamide) and CRF (polyolefin coated urea) were capable of reducing N2O emissions from urea applied to the barley field by 81 % and 35 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyolefin coated urea reduced N2O emissions from urea in a barley field by 35%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- CRF (polyolefin coated urea)e0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 35 %e0
- Comparator
- ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NI (dicyandiamide) and CRF (polyolefin coated urea) were capable of reducing N2O emissions from urea applied to the barley field by 81 % and 35 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen fertilizer loss averaged 15% with nitrification inhibitor in the barley trial.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- NIe0
- Outcome
- Total N fertilizer lossese0
- Value
- 15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total N fertilizer losses averaged 15 and 10 % in the NI and urea treatments, respectively”
e1“barley field”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen fertilizer loss averaged 10% under urea in the barley trial.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- ureae0
- Outcome
- Total N fertilizer lossese0
- Value
- 10 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total N fertilizer losses averaged 15 and 10 % in the NI and urea treatments, respectively”
e1“barley field”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen fertilizer loss under controlled release fertilizer averaged 1.9%, the lowest reported loss.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- CRF treatmente0
- Outcome
- Total N fertilizer lossese1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 1.9 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those from the CRF treatment averaged only 1.9 %, indicating that CRF showed the highest potential to increase N use efficiency”
e1“Total N fertilizer losses”
e2“barley field”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled release fertilizer markedly increased nitrogen use efficiency in potato.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Treatment
- CRFe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trials in the potato field demonstrated that CRF could markedly increase NUE and tuber yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled release fertilizer markedly increased potato tuber yield.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- CRFe0
- Outcome
- tuber yieldse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trials in the potato field demonstrated that CRF could markedly increase NUE and tuber yields”
Claim · model-written summary
A single 112 kg ha−1 basal CRF application produced potato tuber yields comparable with traditional fertilizer applications.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Treatment
- single basal application of CRF at planting (N rate, 112 kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- tuber yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- traditional fertilizer applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A single basal application of CRF at planting (N rate, 112 kg ha−1) produced tuber yields comparable with those of traditional fertilizer applications (112 kg N ha−1)by basal dressing, 90 kg N ha−1 by topdressing and 67 kg N ha−1 by 8 fertilizations)”
e1“potato field”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea and CRF plots in corn fields showed similar N2O emission patterns, each with two high emission periods.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- CRFe0
- Outcome
- N2O emission patternse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Value
- twoe0
- Comparator
- ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The urea and CRF plots in the corn fields showed similar N2O emission patterns, having two high emission periods”
Claim · model-written summary
Total N2O emissions in corn CRF plots were almost one third of those in urea plots.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- CRFe0
- Outcome
- total N2O emission valuee0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- almost one thirde0
- Comparator
- ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total N2O emission value of the CRF plots was almost one third of that of the urea plots”
e1“corn fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant recovery of CRF nitrogen in corn was almost twice that of urea nitrogen.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- CRF Ne0
- Outcome
- plant recoverye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- almost two timese0
- Comparator
- urea Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant recovery of CRF N was almost two times of that of urea N”
e1“corn fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed air and water quality benefits of CRF and NI to maximizing NUE and reducing nitrogen fertilization rate.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- CRF and NIe0
- Outcome
- conserve air and water qualitye0
- Qualifier
- maximizing NUE and reducing the N fertilization ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contributions of CRF and NI to conserve air and water quality are basically due to maximizing NUE and reducing the N fertilization rate”
e1“flood irrigated barley grown on a clay soil”
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