Abstract
BACKGROUND: By 2050, weather is expected to become more variable with a shift towards higher temperatures and more erratic rainfall throughout the U.S. Corn Belt. The effects of this predicted weather change on pre-emergence (PRE) herbicide efficacy have been inadequately explored. Using an extensive database, spanning 252 unique weather environments, the efficacy of atrazine, acetochlor, S-metolachlor, and mesotrione, applied PRE alone and in combinations, was modeled on common weed species in corn (Zea mays L.). RESULTS: Adequate rainfall to dissolve the herbicide into soil water solution so that it could be absorbed by developing weed seedlings within the first 15 days after PRE application was essential for effective weed control. Across three annual weed species, the probability of effective control increased as rainfall increased and was maximized when rainfall was 10 cm or more. When rainfall was less than 10 cm, increasing soil temperatures had either a positive or negative effect on the probability of effective control, depending on the herbicide(s) and weed species. Herbicide combinations required less rainfall to maximize the probability of effective control and had higher odds of successfully controlling weeds compared with the herbicides applied individually. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study highlight the importance of rainfall following PRE herbicide application. As rainfall becomes more variable in future, the efficacy of common PRE herbicides will likely decline. However, utilizing combinations of PRE herbicides along with additional cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical weed control methods will create a more sustainable integrated weed management system and help U.S. corn production adapt to more extreme weather. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Across three annual weed species the probability of effective control rose with rainfall and was maximized at 10 cm of rainfall or more.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Interactor
- annual weed speciese2weed
- Outcome
- probability of effective controle1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10 cm or moree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn (Zea mays)”
e1“the probability of effective control increased as rainfall increased and was maximized when rainfall was 10 cm or more”
e2“Across three annual weed species”
Claim · model-written summary
Adequate rainfall in the first 15 days after PRE application, dissolving the herbicide so that weed seedlings could absorb it, was essential for effective weed control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- weed seedlingse1weed
- Outcome
- effective weed controle1
- Qualifier
- Adequate rainfall to dissolve the herbicide into soil water solutione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn (Zea mays)”
e1“Adequate rainfall to dissolve the herbicide into soil water solution so that it could be absorbed by developing weed seedlings within the first 15 days after PRE application was essential for effective weed control”
Claim · model-written summary
When rainfall was under 10 cm, increasing soil temperature had either a positive or a negative effect on the probability of effective control, depending on herbicide and weed species.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- increasing soil temperaturese1
- Outcome
- probability of effective controle1
- Direction
- either a positive or negative effecte1
- Qualifier
- When rainfall was less than 10 cme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn (Zea mays)”
e1“When rainfall was less than 10 cm, increasing soil temperatures had either a positive or negative effect on the probability of effective control, depending on the herbicide(s) and weed species”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide combinations required less rainfall than herbicides applied individually to maximize the probability of effective weed control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Herbicide combinationse1
- Outcome
- rainfall to maximize the probability of effective controle1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- herbicides applied individuallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn (Zea mays)”
e1“Herbicide combinations required less rainfall to maximize the probability of effective control and had higher odds of successfully controlling weeds compared with the herbicides applied individually”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide combinations had higher odds of successfully controlling weeds than herbicides applied individually.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Herbicide combinationse1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- odds of successfully controlling weedse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- herbicides applied individuallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn (Zea mays)”
e1“Herbicide combinations required less rainfall to maximize the probability of effective control and had higher odds of successfully controlling weeds compared with the herbicides applied individually”
Claim · model-written summary
As rainfall becomes more variable in future, the efficacy of common PRE herbicides will likely decline.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- efficacy of common PRE herbicidese1
- Direction
- declinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn (Zea mays)”
e1“As rainfall becomes more variable in future, the efficacy of common PRE herbicides will likely decline”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combining PRE herbicides with cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical weed control to build a more sustainable integrated weed management system for U.S. corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- more sustainable integrated weed management systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“utilizing combinations of PRE herbicides along with additional cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical weed control methods will create a more sustainable integrated weed management system and help U.S. corn production adapt to more extreme weather”
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herbicide · control · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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See all 406 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.