Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max.) is one of the most important legumes cultivated worldwide. Its productivity can be altered by some biotic and abiotic stresses like global warming, soil metal pollution or over-application of herbicides like paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium dichloride). In this study, the effect of oxidative stress produced by paraquat addition (0, 20, 50 and 100 µM) during plant growth on symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and functionality of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens-elicited soybean nodules were evaluated. Results showed that the 50 µM was the threshold that B. diazoefficiens can tolerate under free-living conditions. In symbiosis with soybean, the paraquat addition statistically reduced the shoot and root dry weight of soybean plants, and number and development of the nodules. SNF was negatively affected by paraquat, which reduced total nitrogen content and fixed nitrogen close to 50% when 100 µM was added. These effects were due to the impairment of nodule functionality and the increased oxidative status of the nodules, as revealed by the lower leghaemoglobin content and the higher lipid peroxidation in soybean nodules from paraquat-treated plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The free living Bradyrhizobium tolerated paraquat up to a 50 µM threshold.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- B. diazoefficiens
Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiense0symbiont - Outcome
- threshold that B. diazoefficiens can tolerate under free-living conditionse0
- Value
- 50 µMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the 50 µM was the threshold that B. diazoefficiens can tolerate under free-living conditions.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat statistically reduced soybean shoot and root dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- paraquat additione0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiensBradyrhizobium diazoefficienst0symbionte0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In symbiosis with soybean, the paraquat addition statistically reduced the shoot and root dry weight of soybean plants, and number and development of the nodules.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat reduced nodule number and development.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- paraquat additione0
- Outcome
- number and development of the nodulese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In symbiosis with soybean, the paraquat addition statistically reduced the shoot and root dry weight of soybean plants, and number and development of the nodules.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat negatively affected symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Outcome
- SNFe0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNF was negatively affected by paraquat, which reduced total nitrogen content and fixed nitrogen close to 50% when 100 µM was added.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 µM paraquat, total nitrogen content fell close to 50%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 100 µMe0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- close to 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNF was negatively affected by paraquat, which reduced total nitrogen content and fixed nitrogen close to 50% when 100 µM was added.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 µM paraquat, fixed nitrogen fell close to 50%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 100 µMe0
- Outcome
- fixed nitrogene0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- close to 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNF was negatively affected by paraquat, which reduced total nitrogen content and fixed nitrogen close to 50% when 100 µM was added.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute these effects to impaired nodule functionality and oxidative status.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- nodulese0
- Outcome
- These effectse0
- Qualifier
- impairment of nodule functionality and the increased oxidative status of the nodulese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects were due to the impairment of nodule functionality and the increased oxidative status of the nodules, as revealed by the lower leghaemoglobin content and the higher lipid peroxidation in soybean nodules from paraquat-treated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat treated nodules had lower leghaemoglobin content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- nodulese0
- Treatment
- paraquat-treatede0
- Outcome
- leghaemoglobin contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lower leghaemoglobin content and the higher lipid peroxidation in soybean nodules from paraquat-treated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat treated nodules had higher lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- nodulese0
- Treatment
- paraquat-treatede0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lower leghaemoglobin content and the higher lipid peroxidation in soybean nodules from paraquat-treated plants.”