Abstract
Background: Understanding the drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth and how that is linked to seed maturation in legume species, is crucial to developing new stand establishments. Methods: An experiment was conducted in Randomized Block design in two factorial concept to explore how seed maturation and drought tolerance influence seed germination and early seedling growth using the two factors: seed coat color (yellow and brown, two levels as one factor) and drought intensity (control: 0 MPa [distilled water], mild drought: -0.2 MPa, moderate drought: -0.4 MPa and severe drought: -0.6 MPa, four levels as another factor). Result: In contrast to the yellow-coated seeds, the mean germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of the brown-coated seeds were lowered by 7.9%, 23.1%, 20.5% and 12.9%, respectively. Compared to the control, introducing drought conditions reduced the mean of germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of yellow-coated seeds by 52.4%, 64.1%, 41.9% and 23.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, drought affected brown-coated seeds more than yellow-coated seeds. The results indicating that the seed quality of white clover seed lots with yellow-colored coats higher than the seed lots with brown-coloured coats. In agronomic practice, a larger proportion of yellow-coated seeds should be harvested to improve new stands successful establishment under environment easy to dry.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Brown-coated white clover seeds had a mean germination percentage lowered by 7.9% relative to yellow-coated seeds.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repense2 - Treatment
- brown-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- mean germination percentagee1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Value
- 7.9%e1
- Comparator
- yellow-coated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast to the yellow-coated seeds, the mean germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of the brown-coated seeds were lowered by 7.9%, 23.1%, 20.5% and 12.9%, respectively”
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown-coated white clover seeds had a germination index lowered by 23.1% relative to yellow-coated seeds.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Treatment
- brown-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- germination indexe1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Value
- 23.1%e1
- Comparator
- yellow-coated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast to the yellow-coated seeds, the mean germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of the brown-coated seeds were lowered by 7.9%, 23.1%, 20.5% and 12.9%, respectively”
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown-coated white clover seeds had a seedling vigour index lowered by 20.5% relative to yellow-coated seeds.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Treatment
- brown-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- seedling vigour indexe1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Value
- 20.5%e1
- Comparator
- yellow-coated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast to the yellow-coated seeds, the mean germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of the brown-coated seeds were lowered by 7.9%, 23.1%, 20.5% and 12.9%, respectively”
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown-coated white clover seeds had a radicle length lowered by 12.9% relative to yellow-coated seeds.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Treatment
- brown-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- radicle lengthe1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Value
- 12.9%e1
- Comparator
- yellow-coated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast to the yellow-coated seeds, the mean germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of the brown-coated seeds were lowered by 7.9%, 23.1%, 20.5% and 12.9%, respectively”
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced the mean germination percentage of yellow-coated white clover seeds by 52.4% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Material
- yellow-coated seedse6
- Treatment
- drought conditionse6
- Outcome
- mean of germination percentagee6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 52.4%e6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e6“Compared to the control, introducing drought conditions reduced the mean of germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of yellow-coated seeds by 52.4%, 64.1%, 41.9% and 23.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced the germination index of yellow-coated white clover seeds by 64.1% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Material
- yellow-coated seedse6
- Treatment
- drought conditionse6
- Outcome
- germination indexe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 64.1%e6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e6“Compared to the control, introducing drought conditions reduced the mean of germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of yellow-coated seeds by 52.4%, 64.1%, 41.9% and 23.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced the seedling vigour index of yellow-coated white clover seeds by 41.9% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Material
- yellow-coated seedse6
- Treatment
- drought conditionse6
- Outcome
- seedling vigour indexe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 41.9%e6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e6“Compared to the control, introducing drought conditions reduced the mean of germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of yellow-coated seeds by 52.4%, 64.1%, 41.9% and 23.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced the radicle length of yellow-coated white clover seeds by 23.2% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Material
- yellow-coated seedse6
- Treatment
- drought conditionse6
- Outcome
- radicle lengthe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 23.2%e6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e6“Compared to the control, introducing drought conditions reduced the mean of germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index and radicle length of yellow-coated seeds by 52.4%, 64.1%, 41.9% and 23.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought affected brown-coated white clover seeds more than yellow-coated seeds.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Material
- brown-coated seedse3
- Treatment
- droughte3
- Outcome
- affectede3
- Direction
- moree3
- Comparator
- yellow-coated seedse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e3“Meanwhile, drought affected brown-coated seeds more than yellow-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed lots with yellow-coloured coats had higher seed quality than seed lots with brown-coloured coats in white clover.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Treatment
- yellow-colored coatse4
- Outcome
- seed qualitye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- brown-coloured coatse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e4“The results indicating that the seed quality of white clover seed lots with yellow-colored coats higher than the seed lots with brown-coloured coats”
Claim · model-written summary
A larger proportion of yellow-coated white clover seeds should be harvested for stand establishment in drying environments.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Outcome
- a larger proportion of yellow-coated seeds should be harvestede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought tolerance of white clover seeds during germination and early seedling growth”
e5“a larger proportion of yellow-coated seeds should be harvested to improve new stands successful establishment under environment easy to dry”
The same questions in other papers
drought · growth · Trifolium repens (white clover)Results differ
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
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