Abstract
The individual role of biochar, compost and PGPR has been widely studied in increasing the productivity of plants by inducing resistance against phyto-pathogens. However, the knowledge on combined effect of biochar and PGPR on plant health and management of foliar pathogens is still at juvenile stage. The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro. Tomato plants were raised in potting mixture modified with only compost (Comp) at application rate of 20% (v/v), and along with WB and GWB at application rate of 3 and 6% (v/v), each separately, in combination with or without B. subtilis. In comparison with WB amended soil substrate, percentage disease index was significantly reduced in GWB amended treatments (Comp + 6%GWB and Comp + 3%GWB; 48.21 and 35.6%, respectively). Whereas, in the presence of B. subtilis disease suppression was also maximum (up to 80%) in the substrate containing GWB. Tomato plant growth and physiological parameters were significantly higher in treatment containing GWB (6%) alone as well as in combination with PGPR. Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition was less than 50% in comp, WB and GWB amended growth media, whereas B. subtilis induced maximum inhibition (55.75%). Conclusively, the variable impact of WB, GWB and subsequently their concentrations in the soil substrate was evident on early blight development and plant physiology. To our knowledge, this is the first report implying biochar in synergism with PGPR to hinder the early blight development in tomatoes.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Compost plus 6% GWB reduced tomato disease index by 48.21 relative to WB amended substrate, significantly.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Comp + 6%GWBe0
- Interactor
- Alternaria solani
Alternaria solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- percentage disease indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 48.21e0
- Comparator
- WB amended soil substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
e0“In comparison with WB amended soil substrate, percentage disease index was significantly reduced in GWB amended treatments (Comp + 6%GWB and Comp + 3%GWB; 48.21 and 35.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost plus 3% GWB reduced tomato disease index by 35.6% relative to WB amended substrate, significantly.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Comp + 3%GWBe0
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage disease indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35.6%e0
- Comparator
- WB amended soil substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
e0“In comparison with WB amended soil substrate, percentage disease index was significantly reduced in GWB amended treatments (Comp + 6%GWB and Comp + 3%GWB; 48.21 and 35.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
With Bacillus subtilis, disease suppression on tomato was maximum (up to 80%) in the substrate containing GWB.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- B. subtilise2
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise2biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease suppressione2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- up to 80%e2
- Qualifier
- in the substrate containing GWBe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Whereas, in the presence of B. subtilis disease suppression was also maximum (up to 80%) in the substrate containing GWB”
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plant growth and physiological parameters were higher with GWB (6%) alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- GWB (6%) alonee3
- Outcome
- plant growth and physiological parameterse3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Tomato plant growth and physiological parameters were significantly higher in treatment containing GWB (6%) alone as well as in combination with PGPR”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plant growth and physiological parameters were higher with GWB (6%) in combination with PGPR.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- in combination with PGPRe3
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and physiological parameterse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- containing GWB (6%)e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Tomato plant growth and physiological parameters were significantly higher in treatment containing GWB (6%) alone as well as in combination with PGPR”
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-amended substrate gave Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition of less than 50% in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- compe4
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie4pathogen
- Outcome
- Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibitione4
- Direction
- less thane4
- Value
- 50%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
e4“Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition was less than 50% in comp, WB and GWB amended growth media, whereas B. subtilis induced maximum inhibition (55.75%)”
Claim · model-written summary
WB amended growth media gave Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition of less than 50% in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- WBe4
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie4pathogen
- Outcome
- Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibitione4
- Direction
- less thane4
- Value
- 50%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
e4“Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition was less than 50% in comp, WB and GWB amended growth media, whereas B. subtilis induced maximum inhibition (55.75%)”
Claim · model-written summary
GWB amended growth media gave Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition of less than 50% in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- GWBe4
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie4pathogen
- Outcome
- Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibitione4
- Direction
- less thane4
- Value
- 50%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
e4“Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition was less than 50% in comp, WB and GWB amended growth media, whereas B. subtilis induced maximum inhibition (55.75%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis induced the maximum in vitro mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria solani (55.75%), above the compost, WB and GWB media.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- B. subtilise4
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie4pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibitione4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 55.75%e4
- Comparator
- comp, WB and GWB amended growth mediae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro”
e4“Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition was less than 50% in comp, WB and GWB amended growth media, whereas B. subtilis induced maximum inhibition (55.75%)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.