Abstract
Abstract Biochar amendments have been used in agriculture to improve soil fertility and enhance crop productivity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar amendment could also enhance the productivity of salt-affected soils. The trial was conducted over two consecutive growing seasons to investigate the effect of biochar amendment (four application rates as: B 1 = 0%, B 2 = 2%, B 3 = 4%, and B 4 = 8% by mass of soil) on yield and quality of tomatoes grown in a silt loam soil using non-saline water (I 0 = 0.7 dS m −1 ) and saline water (I 1 = 1 dS m −1 ; I 2 = 3 dS m −1 ) irrigation. Furthermore, the study investigated the mechanism by which biochar addresses the salt stress on plant. The results showed that soil productivity as indicated by the vegetative growth and tomato yield components was adversely and significantly affected by saline water irrigation ( P < 0.05). Tomato yield decreased from 689 ± 35.6 to 533 ± 79.0 g per plant as salinity of irrigation water increased from I 0 to I 2 . Then, biochar amendment increased vegetative growth, yield, and quality parameters under saline irrigation water regimes, and ameliorated the salt stresses on crop growth. The highest (8.73 ± 0.15 and 4.10 ± 0.82 g kg −1 ) and the lowest (8.33 ± 0.08 and 2.42 ± 0.76 g kg −1 ) values of soil pH and soil organic matter were measured at B 4 I 0 and B 1 I 2 treatments, respectively. Also, the highest rate of biochar amendment combining with non-saline water irrigation (B 4 I 0 ) produced tomato with the highest plant photosynthetic (17.08 ± 0.19 μmol m −2 s −1 ) and transpiration rate (8.16 ± 0.18 mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1 ). Mechanically, biochar amendment reduced transient sodium ions by adsorption and released mineral nutrients such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium into the soil solution. Therefore, biochar amendments have the potential in ameliorating salt stress and enhancing tomato production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation significantly reduced vegetative growth and tomato yield components.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- saline water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and tomato yield componentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and tomato yield components was adversely and significantly affected by saline water irrigation ( P < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato yield declined from 689 ± 35.6 to 533 ± 79.0 g per plant as irrigation salinity rose from I 0 to I 2.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- I 2e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 533 ± 79.0 g per plante0
- Qualifier
- 689 ± 35.6e0
- Comparator
- I 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato yield decreased from 689 ± 35.6 to 533 ± 79.0 g per plant as salinity of irrigation water increased from I 0 to I 2 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased vegetative growth under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under saline irrigation water regimese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendment increased vegetative growth, yield, and quality parameters under saline irrigation water regimes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased yield under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under saline irrigation water regimese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendment increased vegetative growth, yield, and quality parameters under saline irrigation water regimes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased quality parameters under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- quality parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under saline irrigation water regimese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendment increased vegetative growth, yield, and quality parameters under saline irrigation water regimes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was highest under B 4 I 0 and lowest under B 1 I 2.
- Treatment
- B 4 I 0e0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.73 ± 0.15e0
- Qualifier
- 8.33 ± 0.08e0
- Comparator
- B 1 I 2e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The highest (8.73 ± 0.15 and 4.10 ± 0.82 g kg −1 ) and the lowest (8.33 ± 0.08 and 2.42 ± 0.76 g kg −1 ) values of soil pH and soil organic matter were measured at B 4 I 0 and B 1 I 2 treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter was highest under B 4 I 0 and lowest under B 1 I 2.
- Treatment
- B 4 I 0e0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.10 ± 0.82 g kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- 2.42 ± 0.76 g kg −1e0
- Comparator
- B 1 I 2e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The highest (8.73 ± 0.15 and 4.10 ± 0.82 g kg −1 ) and the lowest (8.33 ± 0.08 and 2.42 ± 0.76 g kg −1 ) values of soil pH and soil organic matter were measured at B 4 I 0 and B 1 I 2 treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
B 4 I 0 produced the highest tomato photosynthetic rate, 17.08 ± 0.19 μmol m −2 s −1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B 4 I 0e0
- Outcome
- plant photosynthetice0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 17.08 ± 0.19 μmol m −2 s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest rate of biochar amendment combining with non-saline water irrigation (B 4 I 0 ) produced tomato with the highest plant photosynthetic (17.08 ± 0.19 μmol m −2 s −1 ) and transpiration rate (8.16 ± 0.18 mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
B 4 I 0 produced the highest transpiration rate, 8.16 ± 0.18 mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B 4 I 0e0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.16 ± 0.18 mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest rate of biochar amendment combining with non-saline water irrigation (B 4 I 0 ) produced tomato with the highest plant photosynthetic (17.08 ± 0.19 μmol m −2 s −1 ) and transpiration rate (8.16 ± 0.18 mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar adsorbed transient sodium ions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- transient sodium ionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- by adsorptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendment reduced transient sodium ions by adsorption”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar released potassium, calcium, and magnesium into soil solution.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochart0
- Outcome
- mineral nutrients such as potassium, calcium, and magnesiume0
- Qualifier
- into the soil solutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“released mineral nutrients such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium into the soil solution.”
t0“soil biochar amendments to tomato growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that biochar can ameliorate salt stress and enhance tomato production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmentse0
- Outcome
- ameliorating salt stress and enhancing tomato productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendments have the potential in ameliorating salt stress and enhancing tomato production.”
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