Abstract
The main aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of individual and joint fertilization with P and Zn on maize plants grown on typical Mediterranean soils with a limited Zn availability. For this purpose, we examined the effects of P and Zn fertilization individually and in combination on growth, yield and grain protein content in maize grown in pots filled with three different Mediterranean soils (LCV, FER and INM). Phosphorus and Zn translocation to grain was impaired, and aboveground dry matter and yield at harvest reduced by 8-85% (LCV and FER), in plants treated with Zn or P alone relative to unfertilized (control) plants. In contrast, joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants. Also, joint application of both nutrients significantly increased grain P (LCV) and Zn (LCV and FER) use efficiency relative P and Zn, respectively, alone. Yield was increased between 31% in LCV and 121% in FER relative to control plants, albeit not significantly. Fertilization with P or Zn significantly influenced the abundance of specific proteins affecting grain quality (viz., storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteins), which were more abundant in mature grains from plants fertilized with Zn alone and, to a lesser extent, P + Zn. Sustainable strategies in agriculture should consider P-Zn interactions in maize grown on soils with a limited availability of Zn, where Zn fertilization is crucial to ensure grain quality.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Zn alone or P alone reduced aboveground dry matter and yield at harvest by 8-85% in LCV and FER soils relative to unfertilized plants
- Treatment
- Zn or P alonee1
- Outcome
- aboveground dry matter and yield at harveste1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 8-85%e1
- Comparator
- unfertilized (control) plantse1
- Setting
- LCV and FERe1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e1“Phosphorus and Zn translocation to grain was impaired, and aboveground dry matter and yield at harvest reduced by 8-85% (LCV and FER), in plants treated with Zn or P alone relative to unfertilized (control) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn alone or P alone impaired translocation of phosphorus and zinc to grain relative to unfertilized plants
- Treatment
- Zn or P alonee1
- Outcome
- Phosphorus and Zn translocation to graine1
- Direction
- impairede1
- Comparator
- unfertilized (control) plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e1“Phosphorus and Zn translocation to grain was impaired, and aboveground dry matter and yield at harvest reduced by 8-85% (LCV and FER), in plants treated with Zn or P alone relative to unfertilized (control) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint P and Zn fertilization increased aboveground dry matter by 30% in LCV soil relative to control plants
- Treatment
- joint fertilization with P and Zne2
- Outcome
- aboveground dry mattere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 30% in LCVe2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
- Setting
- LCVe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e2“joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint P and Zn fertilization increased aboveground dry matter by 50% in FER soil relative to control plants
- Treatment
- joint fertilization with P and Zne2
- Outcome
- aboveground dry mattere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 50% in FERe2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
- Setting
- FERe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e2“joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint P and Zn fertilization increased aboveground dry matter by 250% in INM soil relative to control plants
- Treatment
- joint fertilization with P and Zne2
- Outcome
- aboveground dry mattere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 250% in INMe2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
- Setting
- INMe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e2“joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint P and Zn fertilization increased grain Zn availability relative to control plants
- Treatment
- joint fertilization with P and Zne2
- Outcome
- grain Zn availabilitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e2“joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint P and Zn fertilization enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain relative to control plants
- Treatment
- joint fertilization with P and Zne2
- Outcome
- translocation of these nutrients to graine2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e2“joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint application of P and Zn increased grain P (LCV) and Zn (LCV and FER) use efficiency relative to P alone and Zn alone
- Treatment
- joint application of both nutrientse3
- Outcome
- grain P (LCV) and Zn (LCV and FER) use efficiencye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- P and Zn, respectively, alonee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e3“joint application of both nutrients significantly increased grain P (LCV) and Zn (LCV and FER) use efficiency relative P and Zn, respectively, alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increased by 31% in LCV and 121% in FER relative to control plants, not significantly
- Outcome
- Yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 31% in LCV and 121% in FERe4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
- Setting
- LCVe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e4“Yield was increased between 31% in LCV and 121% in FER relative to control plants, albeit not significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn alone significantly increased the abundance of storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteins affecting grain quality in mature grains
- Organ / stage
- mature grainse5
- Treatment
- Zn alonee5
- Gene
- storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteinse5
- Outcome
- abundance of specific proteins affecting grain qualitye5
- Direction
- more abundante5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e5“Fertilization with P or Zn significantly influenced the abundance of specific proteins affecting grain quality (viz., storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteins), which were more abundant in mature grains from plants fertilized with Zn alone and, to a lesser extent, P + Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint P and Zn fertilization increased the abundance of these grain proteins to a lesser extent than Zn alone
- Organ / stage
- mature grainse5
- Treatment
- P + Zne5
- Gene
- storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteinse5
- Outcome
- abundance of specific proteins affecting grain qualitye5
- Direction
- more abundante5
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e5“Fertilization with P or Zn significantly influenced the abundance of specific proteins affecting grain quality (viz., storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteins), which were more abundant in mature grains from plants fertilized with Zn alone and, to a lesser extent, P + Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn fertilization is crucial to ensure grain quality on soils with limited Zn availability, so P-Zn interactions should be considered
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grown on Mediterranean soils”
e6“Sustainable strategies in agriculture should consider P-Zn interactions in maize grown on soils with a limited availability of Zn, where Zn fertilization is crucial to ensure grain quality”
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