Abstract
Deterioration of seeds is an important problem leading to low germination and uneven crop establishment causing poor crop growth and productivity. Soil salinity is another factor limiting crop cultivation. Spermidine (Spd) is a compound widely reported for diminishing adverse effects of salt stress in plants. In this study, the effects of Spd priming on normal and deteriorated rice seeds were investigated under salt stress during germination and young seedling stages. Rice seeds were primed with H2O and Spd solutions for 24 h before germination. All rice seeds were grown in Petri dishes containing 5 ml of deionized water with 0 (control) or 150 mM NaCl (salt treatment) for 1-10 d. The results showed that priming groups had higher germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI) in both normal and deteriorated seeds. Moreover, deteriorated seeds primed with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM Spd showed significantly higher GP and GI than H2O-primed and non-primed seeds. During early hours of hydration, Spd-primed seeds produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) faster and at higher level than non-priming and H2O priming groups in both control and saline conditions. Earlier accumulation of ROS was associated with more rapid germination. In young seedlings, salinity stress caused a marked decrease in growth and increased membrane damage indicated by higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL). Conversely, Spd priming increased growth and reduced membrane damage of rice seedlings established from normal and deteriorated seeds under salt stress. The finding suggested that Spd priming can effectively improve germination of deteriorated seeds and enhance seedling growth under control and salt stress conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Primed normal and deteriorated seeds had higher germination percentage and index.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- priminge0
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming groups had higher germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI) in both normal and deteriorated seeds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Deteriorated seeds primed with 0.5 mM spermidine had significantly higher germination percentage and index than controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 0.5e0
- Outcome
- GP and GIe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- H2O-primed and non-primed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deteriorated seeds primed with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM Spd showed significantly higher GP and GI than H2O-primed and non-primed seeds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Deteriorated seeds primed with 1.0 mM spermidine had significantly higher germination percentage and index than controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 1.0e0
- Outcome
- GP and GIe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- H2O-primed and non-primed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deteriorated seeds primed with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM Spd showed significantly higher GP and GI than H2O-primed and non-primed seeds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Deteriorated seeds primed with 1.5 mM spermidine had significantly higher germination percentage and index than controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 1.5 mM Spde0
- Outcome
- GP and GIe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- H2O-primed and non-primed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deteriorated seeds primed with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM Spd showed significantly higher GP and GI than H2O-primed and non-primed seeds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine priming led to earlier and greater reactive oxygen species production during hydration under control and saline conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd-primede0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- both control and saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- non-priming and H2O priming groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd-primed seeds produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) faster and at higher level than non-priming and H2O priming groups in both control and saline conditions”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier reactive oxygen species accumulation was associated with faster germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- ROSe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- more rapide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Earlier accumulation of ROS was associated with more rapid germination.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased young seedling growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress caused a marked decrease in growth”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased seedling membrane damage indicated by malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- membrane damagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress caused a marked decrease in growth and increased membrane damage indicated by higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine priming increased growth of seedlings from normal and deteriorated seeds under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Spd priminge0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd priming increased growth and reduced membrane damage of rice seedlings established from normal and deteriorated seeds under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine priming reduced membrane damage of seedlings from normal and deteriorated seeds under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Spd priminge0
- Outcome
- membrane damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd priming increased growth and reduced membrane damage of rice seedlings established from normal and deteriorated seeds under salt stress.”
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