Abstract
Keeping in view the yield losses instigated by heat stress in several crops, we carried out an experiment to explore the curative effect of exogenous applications of proline on the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and water-related attributes of okra genotypes under high-temperature stress (controlled conditions). Four contrasting genotypes C1, C2, C3, and C4 heat tolerant and heat sensitive genotypes were selected from a diverse panel of okra genotypes (n = 100) to examine plant responses to high-temperature stress and exogenous application of proline. Four-week-old seedlings were subjected to heat stress by gradually increasing the temperature of a growth chamber from 28/22 °C to 45/35 °C (day/night) and sprayed with an optimized proline concentration 2.5 mM. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design. The results showed that there were maximum increases in shoot length (32.7%), root length (58.9%), and shoot fresh (85.7%). The quantities of leaves per plant were increased by 52.9%, 123.6%, 82.5%, and 62.2% in C1, C2, C3, and C4 after proline application. On the other hand, only root fresh weight decreased in all genotypes after proline application by 23.1%, 20%, 266.7%, and 280.8% (C1, C2, C3, C4). A lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C, minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1, maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1, and a maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2O were recorded in the genotypes C2, C1, C3, and C4, respectively. The highest enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were 14.88, 0.31, and 0.15 U mg-protein in C2, C1, and C3, respectively. Maximum leaf proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and chlorophyll content 3.46 mg g−1, 4.02 mg g−1, 3.46 mg g−1, and 46.89 (in C2), respectively, due to foliar applications of proline. Another important finding was that heat tolerance in okra was highly linked highly linked to genotypes’ genetic potential, having more water use efficiency, enzymatic activities, and physio-biochemical attributes under the foliar applications of proline.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased leaves per plant in C1 by 52.9%.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentuse1 - Material
- C1e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaves per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The quantities of leaves per plant were increased by 52.9%, 123.6%, 82.5%, and 62.2% in C1, C2, C3, and C4 after proline application”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased leaves per plant in C2 by 123.6%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaves per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 123.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The quantities of leaves per plant were increased by 52.9%, 123.6%, 82.5%, and 62.2% in C1, C2, C3, and C4 after proline application”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased leaves per plant in C3 by 82.5%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C3e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaves per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 82.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The quantities of leaves per plant were increased by 52.9%, 123.6%, 82.5%, and 62.2% in C1, C2, C3, and C4 after proline application”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased leaves per plant in C4 by 62.2%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C4e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaves per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The quantities of leaves per plant were increased by 52.9%, 123.6%, 82.5%, and 62.2% in C1, C2, C3, and C4 after proline application”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline decreased root fresh weight in C1 by 23.1%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C1e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 23.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh weight decreased in all genotypes after proline application by 23.1%, 20%, 266.7%, and 280.8% (C1, C2, C3, C4)”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline decreased root fresh weight in C2 by 20%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh weight decreased in all genotypes after proline application by 23.1%, 20%, 266.7%, and 280.8% (C1, C2, C3, C4)”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline decreased root fresh weight in C3 by 266.7%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C3e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 266.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh weight decreased in all genotypes after proline application by 23.1%, 20%, 266.7%, and 280.8% (C1, C2, C3, C4)”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline decreased root fresh weight in C4 by 280.8%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C4e0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 280.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh weight decreased in all genotypes after proline application by 23.1%, 20%, 266.7%, and 280.8% (C1, C2, C3, C4)”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C2 had lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Outcome
- leaf temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 27.72 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C, minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1, maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1, and a maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2O were recorded in the genotypes C2, C1, C3, and C4, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C1 had minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C1e0
- Outcome
- transpiratione0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C, minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1, maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1, and a maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2O were recorded in the genotypes C2, C1, C3, and C4, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C3 had maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C3e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C, minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1, maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1, and a maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2O were recorded in the genotypes C2, C1, C3, and C4, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C4 had maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2O.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C4e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2Oe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C, minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m−2 s−1, maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m−2 s−1, and a maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO2 mmol H2O were recorded in the genotypes C2, C1, C3, and C4, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C2 had the highest superoxide dismutase activity, 14.88 U mg-protein.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 14.88e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were 14.88, 0.31, and 0.15 U mg-protein in C2, C1, and C3, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C1 had the highest peroxidase activity, 0.31 U mg-protein.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C1e0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.31e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were 14.88, 0.31, and 0.15 U mg-protein in C2, C1, and C3, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C3 had the highest catalase activity, 0.15 U mg-protein.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C3e0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were 14.88, 0.31, and 0.15 U mg-protein in C2, C1, and C3, respectively”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C2 had maximum leaf proline of 3.46 mg g−1 after foliar proline.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of prolinee0
- Outcome
- leaf prolinee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 3.46 mg g−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum leaf proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and chlorophyll content 3.46 mg g−1, 4.02 mg g−1, 3.46 mg g−1, and 46.89 (in C2), respectively, due to foliar applications of proline”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C2 had maximum glycinebetaine of 4.02 mg g−1 after foliar proline.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of prolinee0
- Outcome
- glycinebetainee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 4.02 mg g−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum leaf proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and chlorophyll content 3.46 mg g−1, 4.02 mg g−1, 3.46 mg g−1, and 46.89 (in C2), respectively, due to foliar applications of proline”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C2 had maximum total free amino acids of 3.46 mg g−1 after foliar proline.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of prolinee0
- Outcome
- total free amino acidse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 3.46 mg g−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum leaf proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and chlorophyll content 3.46 mg g−1, 4.02 mg g−1, 3.46 mg g−1, and 46.89 (in C2), respectively, due to foliar applications of proline”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C2 had maximum chlorophyll content of 46.89 after foliar proline.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Material
- C2e0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of prolinee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 46.89e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum leaf proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and chlorophyll content 3.46 mg g−1, 4.02 mg g−1, 3.46 mg g−1, and 46.89 (in C2), respectively, due to foliar applications of proline”
e1“okra genotypes under high-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat tolerance in okra was linked to genetic potential, water use efficiency, enzyme activity and physiological attributes under proline application.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of prolinee0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heat tolerance in okra was highly linked highly linked to genotypes’ genetic potential, having more water use efficiency, enzymatic activities, and physio-biochemical attributes under the foliar applications of proline”
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