Abstract
Aims Unusually low temperatures associated with heavy rain,snow and frost occurred in 19 provinces in southern China in January–February 2008. Our objectives were to evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves and to compare differences in cold tolerance between exotic and native mangrove species. Methods In March 2008,we conducted an intensive survey of cold damage in ten mangrove nature reserves along the coastal areas of mainland China. Parameters such as scorch percentage,defoliation percentage and leaf Fv/Fm values(an indicator of leaf physiological health) were determined on selected seedlings and trees of the mangrove species at each site. Important findings With low latitudes in Hainan,Guangxi and Zhanjiang of Guangdong,low air temperature coupled with the ebb tide at night,which caused serious damage to several mangrove species. However,native mangrove species in Fujian,such as Kandelia obovata,Aegiceras corniculatum,Avicennia marina and transplanted Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,which were adapted to low temperature events in winters,had higher cold resistance. Among all mangrove species surveyed,K. obovata,Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina were the most cold-resistant,followed by B. gymnorrhiza,B. sexangula and Rhizophora stylosa,which belong to thefamily Rhizophoraceae. Sonneratia caseolaris was the least cold-resistent mangrove species,having suffered serious damage or even complete loss in some locations. S. apetala introduced from Bangladesh showed much less damage than its counterpart S. caseolaris,indicating higher resistance to low temperature. Furthermore,mangrove seedlings were more sensitive than mature trees. The extreme cold event killed many mangrove seedlings in the nurseries and caused immature flowers and fruits to drop from trees,which would have an adverse effect on mangrove natural reproduction and reforestation projects. Thus,it is essential to consider cold resistance in future mangrove afforestration and restoration projects.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Low air temperature coupled with ebb tide at night caused serious damage to several mangrove species in Hainan, Guangxi and Zhanjiang.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e1“With low latitudes in Hainan,Guangxi and Zhanjiang of Guangdong, low air temperature coupled with the ebb tide at night, which caused serious damage to several mangrove species”
Claim · model-written summary
Native mangrove species in Fujian had higher cold resistance than exotic species.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e2“native mangrove species in Fujian, such as Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina and transplanted Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, which were adapted to low temperature events in winters, had higher cold resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina were the most cold-resistant mangrove species surveyed.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e3“K. obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina were the most cold-resistant”
Claim · model-written summary
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula and Rhizophora stylosa were the next most cold-resistant mangrove species.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e3“K. obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina were the most cold-resistant”
e4“followed by B. gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula and Rhizophora stylosa”
Claim · model-written summary
Sonneratia caseolaris was the least cold-resistant mangrove species, with serious damage or complete loss in some locations.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e5“Sonneratia caseolaris was the least cold-resistent mangrove species,having suffered serious damage or even complete loss in some locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Introduced S. apetala from Bangladesh showed much less damage than S. caseolaris after the cold event.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e6“S. apetala introduced from Bangladesh showed much less damage than its counterpart S. caseolaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Mangrove seedlings were more sensitive to cold than mature trees.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e7“mangrove seedlings were more sensitive than mature trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The extreme cold event killed many mangrove seedlings in the nurseries.
- Taxon
- mangrovese0
- Organ / stage
- mangrove seedlingse1
- Outcome
- killed many mangrove seedlingse1
- Setting
- nurseriese1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e1“The extreme cold event killed many mangrove seedlings in the nurseries”
Claim · model-written summary
The extreme cold event caused immature flowers and fruits to drop from mangrove trees.
- Taxon
- mangrovese0
- Organ / stage
- immature flowers and fruitse1
- Outcome
- immature flowers and fruits to drop from treese1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e1“caused immature flowers and fruits to drop from trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold resistance should be considered in future mangrove afforestation and restoration projects.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the impact of the cold weather event on mangroves”
e1“it is essential to consider cold resistance in future mangrove afforestration and restoration projects”