Abstract
The intercropping of legume and cereal crops could affect crop roots growth. The relationship among intercropping, root morphology and phosphorus (P) acquisition under different P levels is still unclear. With field experiments and a rhizo-box experiment, we examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns (monocropped wheat, MW; monocropped faba bean, MF; and wheat and faba bean intercropping, W//F) and different P levels. In the rhizo-box experiment, both root weight and root-shoot ratio were increased by 21.2% and 61.5%, respectively, but shoot weight was decreased by 14.6% when wheat intercropped with faba bean. Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW. Both shoot and root weight, root-shoot ratio, total root length, and root volume of intercropping faba bean (IF) increased by 16.5%, 47.3%, 24.0%, 3.5%, and 8.4% as compared to MF, respectively, which resulted in higher shoot and root P content and P acquisition of IF. In the field experiment, P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW. By contrast, P acquisition of IF decreased by 9.8%, 9.0% and 5.2% at flowering, podding, and maturity stages as compared to MF. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis showed that root surface area and total volume of wheat and root surface area of faba bean had the greatest contribution to crop P acquisition. Intercropping induced higher root volume and root surface area which resulted in higher P acquisition under low P stress. In conclusion, interspecific interaction amplified the root-soil interface zone and increased P uptake at seedling stage under low P stress, which could contribute to the intercropping advantages at later stage.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat intercropped with faba bean had 21.2% higher root weight in the rhizo-box experiment.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- wheat intercropped with faba beane2
- Outcome
- root weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 21.2%e2
- Setting
- rhizo-box experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In the rhizo-box experiment, both root weight and root-shoot ratio were increased by 21.2% and 61.5%, respectively, but shoot weight was decreased by 14.6% when wheat intercropped with faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat intercropped with faba bean had 61.5% higher root-shoot ratio in the rhizo-box experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- wheat intercropped with faba beane2
- Outcome
- root-shoot ratioe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 61.5%e2
- Setting
- rhizo-box experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In the rhizo-box experiment, both root weight and root-shoot ratio were increased by 21.2% and 61.5%, respectively, but shoot weight was decreased by 14.6% when wheat intercropped with faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat intercropped with faba bean had 14.6% lower shoot weight in the rhizo-box experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- wheat intercropped with faba beane2
- Outcome
- shoot weighte2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 14.6%e2
- Setting
- rhizo-box experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In the rhizo-box experiment, both root weight and root-shoot ratio were increased by 21.2% and 61.5%, respectively, but shoot weight was decreased by 14.6% when wheat intercropped with faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat had 23.8% higher root P content than monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- intercroppinge3
- Outcome
- Root P contente3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 23.8%e3
- Comparator
- MWe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat had 12.1% higher P uptake than monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- intercroppinge3
- Outcome
- P uptakee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 12.1%e3
- Comparator
- MWe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped faba bean had higher shoot and root weight, root-shoot ratio, total root length and root volume than monocropped faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae4 - Treatment
- intercroppinge4
- Outcome
- shoot and root weight, root-shoot ratio, total root length, and root volumee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 16.5%, 47.3%, 24.0%, 3.5%, and 8.4%e4
- Comparator
- MFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Both shoot and root weight, root-shoot ratio, total root length, and root volume of intercropping faba bean (IF) increased by 16.5%, 47.3%, 24.0%, 3.5%, and 8.4% as compared to MF, respectively, which resulted in higher shoot and root P content and P acquisition of IF”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped faba bean had higher shoot and root P content and P acquisition than monocropped faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae4
- Treatment
- intercroppinge4
- Outcome
- shoot and root P content and P acquisitione4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- MFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Both shoot and root weight, root-shoot ratio, total root length, and root volume of intercropping faba bean (IF) increased by 16.5%, 47.3%, 24.0%, 3.5%, and 8.4% as compared to MF, respectively, which resulted in higher shoot and root P content and P acquisition of IF”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat P uptake decreased 8.7% at the tillering stage compared with monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- tillering stagee5
- Treatment
- intercropping wheat (IW)e3
- Outcome
- P uptakee5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 8.7%e5
- Comparator
- MWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
e5“P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat P acquisition increased 40.6% at the jointing stage compared with monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- join-tinge5
- Treatment
- intercropping wheat (IW)e3
- Outcome
- P acquisitione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 40.6%e5
- Comparator
- MWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
e5“P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat P acquisition increased 19.7% at the heading stage compared with monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- headinge5
- Treatment
- intercropping wheat (IW)e3
- Outcome
- P acquisitione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 19.7%e5
- Comparator
- MWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
e5“P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat P acquisition increased 7.8% at the filling stage compared with monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- fillinge5
- Treatment
- intercropping wheat (IW)e3
- Outcome
- P acquisitione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 7.8%e5
- Comparator
- MWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
e5“P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat P acquisition increased 12.4% at the maturity stage compared with monocropped wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- maturitye5
- Treatment
- intercropping wheat (IW)e3
- Outcome
- P acquisitione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 12.4%e5
- Comparator
- MWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e3“Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW”
e5“P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped faba bean P acquisition decreased 9.8% at flowering compared with monocropped faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- floweringe6
- Treatment
- IFe6
- Outcome
- P acquisitione6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Value
- 9.8%e6
- Comparator
- MFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e6“P acquisition of IF decreased by 9.8%, 9.0% and 5.2% at flowering, podding, and maturity stages as compared to MF”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped faba bean P acquisition decreased 9.0% at podding compared with monocropped faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- poddinge6
- Treatment
- IFe6
- Outcome
- P acquisitione6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Value
- 9.0%e6
- Comparator
- MFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e6“P acquisition of IF decreased by 9.8%, 9.0% and 5.2% at flowering, podding, and maturity stages as compared to MF”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped faba bean P acquisition decreased 5.2% at maturity compared with monocropped faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- maturitye6
- Treatment
- IFe6
- Outcome
- P acquisitione6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Value
- 5.2%e6
- Comparator
- MFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e6“P acquisition of IF decreased by 9.8%, 9.0% and 5.2% at flowering, podding, and maturity stages as compared to MF”
Claim · model-written summary
Root surface area and total root volume of wheat, and root surface area of faba bean, contributed most to crop P acquisition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Organ / stage
- root surface areae7
- Outcome
- P acquisitione7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“root surface area and total volume of wheat and root surface area of faba bean had the greatest contribution to crop P acquisition”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased root volume and root surface area under low P stress.
- Taxon
- wheat and faba beanVicia fabaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge6
- Outcome
- root volume and root surface areae6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- under low P stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e6“Intercropping induced higher root volume and root surface area which resulted in higher P acquisition under low P stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased P acquisition under low P stress.
- Taxon
- wheat and faba beanVicia fabaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge6
- Outcome
- P acquisitione6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- under low P stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e6“Intercropping induced higher root volume and root surface area which resulted in higher P acquisition under low P stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Interspecific interaction in wheat and faba bean intercropping may amplify the root-soil interface and raise P uptake at seedling stage under low P stress.
- Taxon
- wheat and faba beanVicia fabaTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- seedling stagee7
- Outcome
- P uptakee7
- Qualifier
- amplified the root-soil interface zonee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns”
e7“interspecific interaction amplified the root-soil interface zone and increased P uptake at seedling stage under low P stress”