Abstract
Erythina stricta is an ecologically important tree species in the rainforests of India and its nectar within the flowers contributes to birds’ diet and survival. Reports on the pollination of this species have not been published so far. We therefore explore the reproductive system of this tree species which has great significance to its ecosystem. Birds have an important role in the reproduction of trees through pollination particularly in tropical areas where reproductive success mostly depends on animal pollinator interactions. Study of visitation and nectar feeding behaviour of birds along with breeding system assessment of Erythina stricta. Birds visiting and foraging behaviour was observed during Erythrina stricta flowering season in an indian tropical rainforest. Reproductive system was assessed through controlled pollination experiments. Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta. The maximum numbers of visits recorded were from the Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer, Pycnonotidae). The nectar feeding birds were, either (i) potential pollinator with long bills (e.g. Pycnonotus spp., Chloropsis aurifrons, and Dicrurus spp.) or (ii) nectar robbers with comparatively shorter bills (e.g. Zosterops palpebrosa, Stachyris ruficeps, Macronous gularis, Heterophasia glaciris). Controlled pollination experiments revealed high degree of cross pollination (xenogamy) and self-incompatibility in E. stricta. Birds were more frequent in early mornings and their foraging activity was also observed during evening hours; the frequency however, declined with respect to nectar availability. Long corolla tubes of E. stricta could restrict access to nectar collecting bees.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from Erythrina stricta flowers.
- Taxon
- Erythrina stricta
_(5509063880).jpg?width=60)
Erythrina strictae1 - Interactor
- bird speciese1pollinator
- Outcome
- recorded visiting and foraging nectare1
- Value
- Thirteene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(5509063880).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
Claim · model-written summary
The Red-vented Bulbul made the maximum number of visits to Erythrina stricta flowers.
- Taxon
- Erythrina strictaErythrina strictae1
- Interactor
- Red-vented Bulbul
_in_Tirunelveli%2C_India.jpg?width=60)
Pycnonotus cafere2pollinator - Outcome
- maximum numbers of visitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_in_Tirunelveli%2C_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
e2“The maximum numbers of visits recorded were from the Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer, Pycnonotidae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pycnonotus spp. and Chloropsis aurifrons with long bills are potential pollinators of Erythrina stricta.
- Taxon
- Erythrina strictaErythrina strictae1
- Interactor
- Pycnonotus spp.
.jpg?width=60)
Pycnonotuse3pollinator - Second interactor
- Chloropsis aurifrons
Chloropsis aurifronse3pollinator - Outcome
- potential pollinatore3
- Qualifier
- long billse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
e3“The nectar feeding birds were, either (i) potential pollinator with long bills (e.g. Pycnonotus spp., Chloropsis aurifrons, and Dicrurus spp.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zosterops palpebrosa and Stachyris ruficeps with shorter bills act as nectar robbers of Erythrina stricta.
- Taxon
- Erythrina strictaErythrina strictae1
- Interactor
- Zosterops palpebrosa
Zosterops palpebrosuse4other - Second interactor
- Stachyris ruficeps
_Shuangyu.jpg?width=60)
Cyanoderma ruficepse4other - Outcome
- nectar robberse4
- Qualifier
- comparatively shorter billse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Shuangyu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
e4“nectar robbers with comparatively shorter bills (e.g. Zosterops palpebrosa, Stachyris ruficeps, Macronous gularis, Heterophasia glaciris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled pollination revealed a high degree of cross pollination (xenogamy) in Erythrina stricta.
- Taxon
- E. strictaErythrina strictae5
- Outcome
- cross pollination (xenogamy)e5
- Qualifier
- high degreee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Controlled pollination experiments revealed high degree of cross pollination (xenogamy) and self-incompatibility in E. stricta”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled pollination revealed self-incompatibility in Erythrina stricta.
- Taxon
- E. strictaErythrina strictae5
- Outcome
- self-incompatibilitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Controlled pollination experiments revealed high degree of cross pollination (xenogamy) and self-incompatibility in E. stricta”
Claim · model-written summary
Bird visitation frequency declined with respect to nectar availability in Erythrina stricta.
- Taxon
- Erythrina strictaErythrina strictae1
- Treatment
- nectar availabilitye6
- Outcome
- the frequencye6
- Direction
- declinede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
e6“Birds were more frequent in early mornings and their foraging activity was also observed during evening hours; the frequency however, declined with respect to nectar availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Birds were more frequent in early mornings at Erythrina stricta.
- Taxon
- Erythrina strictaErythrina strictae1
- Outcome
- the frequencye6
- Qualifier
- early morningse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
e6“Birds were more frequent in early mornings and their foraging activity was also observed during evening hours; the frequency however, declined with respect to nectar availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Bird foraging activity on Erythrina stricta was also observed during evening hours.
- Taxon
- Erythrina strictaErythrina strictae1
- Outcome
- foraging activitye6
- Qualifier
- evening hourse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta”
e6“Birds were more frequent in early mornings and their foraging activity was also observed during evening hours; the frequency however, declined with respect to nectar availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Long corolla tubes of Erythrina stricta could restrict access to nectar for bees.
- Taxon
- E. strictaErythrina strictae7
- Interactor
- beesAnthophilae7pollinator
- Outcome
- access to nectare7
- Qualifier
- Long corolla tubese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Long corolla tubes of E. stricta could restrict access to nectar collecting bees”