By interacting organism › Animals › Above family level › Aves

Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bird-pollinated Erica flowers were equally conspicuous to birds.

Taxon: EricaEricae0
Interactor: birdsAvese2pollinator
Outcome: conspicuousnesse0
Direction: equally conspicuouse2

Verbatim

e0
“we quantified conspicuousness and flower visitor rates in multiple congeneric ornithophilous and entomophilous Erica species from South Africa”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 706–848

e2
“but equally conspicuous to birds”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1166

Title

Is bee‐avoidance by bird‐pollinated flowers driven by nectar robbing in Erica ?

Anina Coetzee; Colleen L. Seymour; Claire N. Spottiswoode; et al. Functional Ecology 2026. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70276

Other claims from this paper (5)

Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Pollination rates were unrelated to conspicuousness to birds.

Taxon: EricaEricae0
Interactor: birdsAvese5pollinator
Outcome: pollination ratese5
Direction: were unrelatede5

Verbatim

e0
“we quantified conspicuousness and flower visitor rates in multiple congeneric ornithophilous and entomophilous Erica species from South Africa”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 706–848

e5
“pollination rates were unrelated to conspicuousness to birds”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1339–1399

Title

Is bee‐avoidance by bird‐pollinated flowers driven by nectar robbing in Erica ?

Anina Coetzee; Colleen L. Seymour; Claire N. Spottiswoode; et al. Functional Ecology 2026. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70276

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observationobservedreview summarybasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Dull blue berries of Polygonatum multiflorum are dispersed by birds.

Taxon: Polygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorume2
Interactor: birdsAvese3other
Outcome: dull blue berriese3
Qualifier: dispersed by birdse3

Verbatim

e2
“Polygonatum multiflorum is a rhizomatous, clonal perennial herb”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 537–600

e3
“The resulting dull blue berries are dispersed by birds”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1264–1318

Title

Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Polygonatum multiflorum *

Pieter Vangansbeke; Haben Blondeel; Jörg Brunet; et al. Journal of Ecology 2026. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.70235

Other claims from this paper (3)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A total of 4 452 birds from 30 species were observed foraging on sand knobwood fruits.

Taxon: Zanthoxylum leprieuriiZanthoxylum leprieuriie0
Interactor: birdsAvese1other
Outcome: birdse1
Value: 4 452 birdse1

Verbatim

e0
“This study investigated the importance of sand knobwood Zanthoxylum leprieurii (family Rutaceae) fruits as a food source for birds in the Tree Heritage Park, Ibadan, Nigeria”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–173

e1
“A total of 4 452 birds from 30 species were observed, with the Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata being the most frequent forager (48%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 358–498

Title

Sand knobwood Zanthoxylum leprieurii as a keystone resource for birds in Nigeria: insights from observational counts and proximate analysis

Adewale G Awoyemi; Ademola D Ajayi; Olukunle E Olasupo; et al. Ostrich 2026. doi:10.2989/00306525.2025.2606066

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation The Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata was the most frequent forager on sand knobwood fruits, at 48%.
Association Foraging activity on sand knobwood fruits was higher in the morning than in the evening.
Observation Sand knobwood fruits contain 8.4% moisture.
Observation Sand knobwood fruits contain 6.7% ash.
Observation Sand knobwood fruits contain 33.5% fat.
Observation Sand knobwood fruits contain 11.2% protein.
Observation Sand knobwood fruits contain 33.5% crude fiber.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nine bird species were observed feeding on mistletoe fruits.

Taxon: mistletoee5
Interactor: birdsAvese5other
Outcome: feeding on mistletoe fruitse5

Verbatim

e5
“Nine birds species were observed feeding on mistletoe fruits”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1052–1112

Title

Interactions of mistletoe with its hosts and potential seed-dispersing birds in a peri-urban area of Central Pacific, Mexico

Mari Mar Aguirre-Hernández; Rolando Galán-Larrea; Carlos García-Estrada; et al. Journal of Urban Ecology 2026. doi:10.1093/jue/juag004

Other claims from this paper (8)

Observationauthor interpretationreview summarybasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Seeds of Loranthus europaeus are dispersed by birds, especially thrushes.

Taxon: Loranthus europaeusLoranthus europaeust0
Interactor: birdsAvese3other
Outcome: seeds are dispersede3

Verbatim

t0
“International Biological Flora: Loranthus europaeus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–51

e3
“its seeds are dispersed by birds, especially thrushes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1198–1251

Title

International Biological Flora: Loranthus europaeus *

Roman Gebauer Journal of Ecology 2026. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.70311

Other claims from this paper (13)

Method / resourceauthor interpretationreview summarypositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

AI bird control systems have potential to reduce cereal crop losses by 15–30% in Ghana.

Taxon: cereal crope0
Interactor: birdsAvese0pest
Outcome: cereal crop losses caused by birdse0
Direction: reducinge0
Value: 15-30%e0
Setting: Ghanae0

Verbatim

e0
“AI-powered systems, including drones equipped with bird detection and repellent technologies, offer innovative and sustainable alternatives to conventional with the potential of reducing 15-30% cereal crop losses caused by birds in Ghana”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 960–1197

Title

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Mitigate Bird-Induced Cereal Crop Losses for Enhanced Food Security in Ghana: A Review

Matilda Azeko; Benjamin Yennuna Konyannik; Inusah Najjiulai; et al. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology 2026. doi:10.56557/jogae/2026/v18i210539

Other claims from this paper (4)

Observation The review says traditional bird control is labor intensive, costly and increasingly ineffective at scale.
Method / resource AiScarecrow drones are reported to cut field losses by 90%.
Method / resource AiScarecrow drones are reported to save an average of 8–10 hours daily.
Recommendation The review recommends integrating AI bird control into Ghanaian agricultural strategies.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Farmers identified bird attack, unavailable quality seed, and stalk palatability as challenges.

Taxon: Pearl milletCenchrus americanuse1
Interactor: birdsAvese0pest
Outcome: susceptibility to birds’ attack, inaccessibility to quality seed, and the stalk palatability probleme0

Verbatim

e0
“susceptibility to birds’ attack, inaccessibility to quality seed, and the stalk palatability problem were identified by respondent farmers”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1309–1447

e1
“Abstract Pearl millet”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–21

Title

Farmers’ perception and adoption of improved pearl millet technology in Wag-himra Zone, Ethiopia

Adino Ebabu; Adane Wubet; Ademe Mihiretu; et al. Discover Food 2026. doi:10.1007/s44187-026-01067-9

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In the presence of ants, excluding birds from coffee shrubs increased coffee berry borer infestation by 36%.

Taxon: coffeeCoffeae0
Treatment: bird exclusione1
Interactor: CBBe1pest
Second interactor: birdsAvese1biocontrol_agent
Outcome: CBB infestatione1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 36%e1
Qualifier: in the presence of antse1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“coffee shrubs”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 842–855

e1
“birds to be key control agents of CBB: in the presence of ants, bird exclusion increased CBB infestation by 36%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1037–1148

Title

Coffee berry borer control, but not coffee yield, is mediated by non-additive interaction between birds and ants across different cultivation systems

Damaris A. Cardona Tejada; Juan L. Parra; Ingo Grass; et al. Basic and Applied Ecology 2025. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2025.11.002

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In the absence of ants, birds had little effect on coffee berry borer infestation in coffee.

Taxon: coffeeCoffeae0
Treatment: birdse1
Interactor: CBBe1pest
Second interactor: birdsAvese1biocontrol_agent
Outcome: CBB infestatione1
Direction: little effecte1
Qualifier: in the absence of antse1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“coffee shrubs”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 842–855

e1
“in the absence of ants, birds had little effect on CBB infestation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1159–1225

Title

Coffee berry borer control, but not coffee yield, is mediated by non-additive interaction between birds and ants across different cultivation systems

Damaris A. Cardona Tejada; Juan L. Parra; Ingo Grass; et al. Basic and Applied Ecology 2025. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2025.11.002

Other claims from this paper (5)

Aves 934 claims

934 claims