Abstract
Tomato early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is a destructive foliar fungal disease. Herein, the potential defensive roles of benzoic acid (BA) and two of its hydroxylated derivatives, ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), and protocatechuic acid (PCA) against A. solani were investigated. All tested compounds showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity against A. solani and significantly reduced the disease development. Benzoic acid, and its hydroxylated derivatives, enhanced vegetative growth and yield traits. Moreover, BA and its derivatives induce the activation of enzymatic (POX, PPO, CAT, SlAPXs, and SlSODs) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids) antioxidant defense machinery to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis within infected leaves. Additionally, BA and its hydroxylated derivatives induce the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and its biosynthetic genes including isochorismate synthase (SlICS), aldehyde oxidases (SlAO1 and SlAO2), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (SlPAL1, SlPAL2, SlPAL3, SlPAL5, and SlPAL6). Higher SA levels were associated with upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (SlPR-1, SlPR1a2, SlPRB1-2, SlPR4, SlPR5, SlPR6), nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SlNPR1), and salicylic acid-binding protein (SlSABP2). These findings outline the potential application of BA and its hydroxylated derivatives as a sustainable alternative control strategy for early blight disease and also deciphering the physiological and biochemical mechanisms behind their protective role.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid showed dose-dependent fungistatic activity against Alternaria solani.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- benzoic acide0
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- fungistatic activity against A. solanie1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“benzoic acid (BA)”
e1“All tested compounds showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity against A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroxybenzoic acid showed dose-dependent fungistatic activity against Alternaria solani.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ρ-hydroxybenzoic acide0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- fungistatic activity against A. solanie1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)”
e1“All tested compounds showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity against A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Protocatechuic acid showed dose-dependent fungistatic activity against Alternaria solani.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- protocatechuic acide0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- fungistatic activity against A. solanie1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“protocatechuic acid (PCA)”
e1“All tested compounds showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity against A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested benzoic acid compounds significantly reduced tomato early blight development.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- All tested compoundse0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“All tested compounds showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity against A. solani and significantly reduced the disease development.”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid and its hydroxylated derivatives enhanced tomato vegetative growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Benzoic acid, and its hydroxylated derivativese0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and yield traitse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Benzoic acid, and its hydroxylated derivatives, enhanced vegetative growth and yield traits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid and derivatives activated enzymatic antioxidant defenses in infected tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- infected leavese0
- Treatment
- BA and its derivativese0
- Outcome
- activation of enzymatic (POX, PPO, CAT, SlAPXs, and SlSODs)e0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“BA and its derivatives induce the activation of enzymatic (POX, PPO, CAT, SlAPXs, and SlSODs) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids) antioxidant defense machinery to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis within infected leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid and derivatives activated nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses in infected tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- infected leavese0
- Treatment
- BA and its derivativese0
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids) antioxidant defense machinerye0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“BA and its derivatives induce the activation of enzymatic (POX, PPO, CAT, SlAPXs, and SlSODs) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids) antioxidant defense machinery to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis within infected leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid and derivatives induced salicylic acid accumulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BA and its hydroxylated derivativese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“BA and its hydroxylated derivatives induce the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid and derivatives induced salicylic acid biosynthetic genes in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BA and its hydroxylated derivativese0
- Gene
- SlICSe0
- Outcome
- biosynthetic genese0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“BA and its hydroxylated derivatives induce the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and its biosynthetic genes including isochorismate synthase (SlICS), aldehyde oxidases (SlAO1 and SlAO2), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (SlPAL1, SlPAL2, SlPAL3, SlPAL5, and SlPAL6).”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salicylic acid levels were associated with upregulation of tomato pathogenesis-related proteins.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Higher SA levels were associated with upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (SlPR-1, SlPR1a2, SlPRB1-2, SlPR4, SlPR5, SlPR6)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salicylic acid levels were associated with SlNPR1 upregulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SlNPR1e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Higher SA levels were associated with upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (SlPR-1, SlPR1a2, SlPRB1-2, SlPR4, SlPR5, SlPR6), nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SlNPR1), and salicylic acid-binding protein (SlSABP2).”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salicylic acid levels were associated with SlSABP2 upregulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SlSABP2e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Higher SA levels were associated with upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (SlPR-1, SlPR1a2, SlPRB1-2, SlPR4, SlPR5, SlPR6), nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SlNPR1), and salicylic acid-binding protein (SlSABP2).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose benzoic acid and derivatives as a sustainable tomato early blight control strategy.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BA and its hydroxylated derivativese0
- Outcome
- sustainable alternative control strategy for early blight diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“potential application of BA and its hydroxylated derivatives as a sustainable alternative control strategy for early blight disease”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.