Abstract
Stable yield of staple grains must be ensured to satisfy food demands for daily dietary energy requirements against the backdrop of global climate change. Summer maize, a staple crop, suffers severe yield losses due to extreme rainfall events, threatening food security. A randomized block experiment with four treatments: control, no water stress (CK); waterlogging for 6 days at the third leaf, sixth leaf stage, and 10th day after tasseling, was conducted to investigate the mechanism of waterlogging-induced yield losses of summer maize. Waterlogging delayed plant growth and impaired tassel and ear differentiation, leading to high grain yield losses of Denghai 605 (DH605). Waterlogging at third leaf (V3) stage reduced the photosynthesis of DH605, reducing total dry matter weight. Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK. The reductions in total carbon assimilate together with the reduced carbon partitioning to ears resulted in poor development of spikes (with respectively 15.2% and 20.6% reductions in total florets and fertilized florets) and lengthened the anthesis–silking interval by around 1 day, leading to high yield losses.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging delayed plant growth of Denghai 605 compared with the no-stress control.
- Material
- Denghai 605 (DH605)e1
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Comparator
- control, no water stress (CK)e2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging delayed plant growth and impaired tassel and ear differentiation, leading to high grain yield losses of Denghai 605 (DH605)”
e2“control, no water stress (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging caused high grain yield losses of Denghai 605 compared with the no-stress control.
- Material
- Denghai 605 (DH605)e1
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- grain yield lossese1
- Direction
- highe1
- Comparator
- control, no water stress (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging delayed plant growth and impaired tassel and ear differentiation, leading to high grain yield losses of Denghai 605 (DH605)”
e2“control, no water stress (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging impaired tassel and ear differentiation of Denghai 605 compared with the no-stress control.
- Material
- Denghai 605 (DH605)e1
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- tassel and ear differentiatione1
- Direction
- impairede1
- Comparator
- control, no water stress (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging delayed plant growth and impaired tassel and ear differentiation, leading to high grain yield losses of Denghai 605 (DH605)”
e2“control, no water stress (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzyme activities in spike nodes and ears compared with CK.
- Organ / stage
- spike nodes and earse1
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Gene
- sucrose-cleaving enzymese1
- Outcome
- activitiese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced the carbon partitioned to ears by 53.1% compared with CK.
- Organ / stage
- earse1
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- carbon partitionede1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- –53.1%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced the carbon partitioned to shanks by 46.5% compared with CK.
- Organ / stage
- shankse1
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- carbon partitionede1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- –46.5%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced the carbon partitioned to ear nodes by 71.5% compared with CK.
- Organ / stage
- ear nodese1
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- carbon partitionede1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- –71.5%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage increased the carbon partitioned to ear leaves by 9.6% compared with CK.
- Organ / stage
- ear leavese1
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- carbon partitionede1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 9.6%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage increased the carbon partitioned to tassels by 43.9% compared with CK.
- Organ / stage
- tasselse1
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- carbon partitionede1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 43.9%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced total florets of Denghai 605 by 15.2% compared with CK.
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- total floretse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Value
- 15.2%e2
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
e2“resulted in poor development of spikes (with respectively 15.2% and 20.6% reductions in total florets and fertilized florets)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced fertilized florets of Denghai 605 by 20.6% compared with CK.
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- fertilized floretse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Value
- 20.6%e2
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
e2“resulted in poor development of spikes (with respectively 15.2% and 20.6% reductions in total florets and fertilized florets)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V3 stage lengthened the anthesis–silking interval of summer maize by around 1 day.
- Treatment
- Waterlogging at V3 stagee1
- Outcome
- anthesis–silking intervale3
- Direction
- lengthenede3
- Value
- around 1 daye3
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging”
e1“Waterlogging at V3 stage reduced sucrose-cleaving enzymes activities in spike nodes and ears, reducing the carbon partitioned to ears (–53.1%), shanks (–46.5%), and ear nodes (–71.5%) but increasing the carbon partitioned to ear leaves (9.6%) and tassels (43.9%) in comparison with CK”
e3“lengthened the anthesis–silking interval by around 1 day, leading to high yield losses”
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