Abstract
Cold stress is an adverse environmental condition that limits the growth and yield of leguminous plants. Thus, discovering an effective way of ameliorating cold-mediated damage is important for sustainable legume production. In this study, the combined use of Rhizobium inoculation (RI) and melatonin (MT) pretreatment was investigated in Medicago truncatula plants under cold stress. Eight-week-old seedlings were divided into eight groups: (i) CK (no stress, noninoculated, no MT), (ii) RI (Rhizobium inoculated), (iii) MT (75 μM melatonin), (iv) RI+MT, (v) CS (cold stress at 4 °C without Rhizobium inoculation and melatonin), (vi) CS+RI, (vii) CS+MT, and (viii) CS+RI+MT. Plants were exposed to cold stress for 24 hrs. Cold stress decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased oxidative stress. Pretreatment with RI and MT alone or combined significantly improved root activity and plant biomass production under cold stress. Interestingly, chlorophyll contents increased by 242.81% and MDA levels dramatically decreased by 34.22% in the CS+RI+MT treatment compared to the CS treatment. Moreover, RI+MT pretreatment improved the antioxidative ability by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POD; 8.45%), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 50.36%), catalase (CAT; 140.26%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 42.63%) over CS treated plants. Additionally, increased osmolyte accumulation, nutrient uptake, and nitrate reductase activity due to the combined use of RI and MT helped the plants counteract cold-mediated damage by strengthening the nonenzymatic antioxidant system. These data indicate that pretreatment with a combined application of RI and MT can attenuate cold damage by enhancing the antioxidation ability of legumes.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress decreased photosynthetic pigments in Medicago truncatula.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatula
Medicago truncatulat0 - Treatment
- Cold stresse1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e1“Cold stress decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress increased oxidative stress in Medicago truncatula.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- Cold stresse1
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e1“Cold stress decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment with RI and MT, alone or combined, significantly improved root activity and plant biomass under cold stress.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- Pretreatment with RI and MTe2
- Outcome
- root activity and plant biomass productione2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e2“Pretreatment with RI and MT alone or combined significantly improved root activity and plant biomass production under cold stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cold stress, the CS+RI+MT treatment increased chlorophyll contents by 242.81% compared with the CS treatment.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- CS+RI+MTe3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 242.81%e3
- Comparator
- CS treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e3“Interestingly, chlorophyll contents increased by 242.81% and MDA levels dramatically decreased by 34.22% in the CS+RI+MT treatment compared to the CS treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cold stress, the CS+RI+MT treatment decreased MDA levels by 34.22% compared with the CS treatment.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- CS+RI+MTe3
- Outcome
- MDA levelse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 34.22%e3
- Comparator
- CS treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e3“Interestingly, chlorophyll contents increased by 242.81% and MDA levels dramatically decreased by 34.22% in the CS+RI+MT treatment compared to the CS treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RI+MT pretreatment increased peroxidase (POD) activity by 8.45% over cold-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- RI+MT pretreatmente4
- Outcome
- activities of peroxidase (PODe4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 8.45%e4
- Comparator
- CS treated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e4“Moreover, RI+MT pretreatment improved the antioxidative ability by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POD; 8.45%), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 50.36%), catalase (CAT; 140.26%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 42.63%) over CS treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
RI+MT pretreatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 50.36% over cold-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- RI+MT pretreatmente4
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SODe4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 50.36%e4
- Comparator
- CS treated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e4“Moreover, RI+MT pretreatment improved the antioxidative ability by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POD; 8.45%), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 50.36%), catalase (CAT; 140.26%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 42.63%) over CS treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
RI+MT pretreatment increased catalase (CAT) activity by 140.26% over cold-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- RI+MT pretreatmente4
- Outcome
- catalase (CATe4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 140.26%e4
- Comparator
- CS treated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e4“Moreover, RI+MT pretreatment improved the antioxidative ability by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POD; 8.45%), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 50.36%), catalase (CAT; 140.26%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 42.63%) over CS treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
RI+MT pretreatment increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity by 42.63% over cold-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- RI+MT pretreatmente4
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APXe4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 42.63%e4
- Comparator
- CS treated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e4“Moreover, RI+MT pretreatment improved the antioxidative ability by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POD; 8.45%), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 50.36%), catalase (CAT; 140.26%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 42.63%) over CS treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined use of RI and MT increased osmolyte accumulation, nutrient uptake and nitrate reductase activity in Medicago truncatula.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- combined use of RI and MTe5
- Outcome
- osmolyte accumulation, nutrient uptake, and nitrate reductase activitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e5“Additionally, increased osmolyte accumulation, nutrient uptake, and nitrate reductase activity due to the combined use of RI and MT helped the plants counteract cold-mediated damage by strengthening the nonenzymatic antioxidant system”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined pretreatment with RI and MT can attenuate cold damage in Medicago truncatula.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Treatment
- pretreatment with a combined application of RI and MTe6
- Outcome
- cold damagee6
- Direction
- attenuatee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e6“These data indicate that pretreatment with a combined application of RI and MT can attenuate cold damage by enhancing the antioxidation ability of legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined RI and MT treatment is suggested to help Medicago truncatula counteract cold damage by strengthening the nonenzymatic antioxidant system.
- Taxon
- Medicago truncatulaMedicago truncatulat0
- Outcome
- counteract cold-mediated damagee5
- Qualifier
- strengthening the nonenzymatic antioxidant systeme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Medicago truncatula”
e5“Additionally, increased osmolyte accumulation, nutrient uptake, and nitrate reductase activity due to the combined use of RI and MT helped the plants counteract cold-mediated damage by strengthening the nonenzymatic antioxidant system”
The same questions in other papers
Rhizobium · physiology: oxidative · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
melatonin · physiology: oxidative · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Rhizobium · physiology: pigments · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
melatonin · physiology: pigments · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
inoculation · pest · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
inoculation · physiology: pigments · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · physiology: oxidative · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.