Abstract
Plant diseases may survive and be spread by infected seeds. In this study we monitored the longevity of 14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries, in addition to a sample of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The data from the first 30 years of a 100-year seed storage experiment located in a natural −3.5 °C environment (permafrost) in Svalbard, Norway, are presented. To date, the pathogens, tested by traditional seed health testing methods (freezing blotter, agar plates, growing on tests), have survived. Linear regression analyses showed that the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively), and that Phoma betae in beet had increased significantly (from 43% to 56%). No trends in the infection percentage were observed over the years in Drechslera spp. in barley (fluctuating between 30% and 64%) or in Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage (fluctuating between 82% and 99%), nor in pathogens with low seed infection percentages at the start of the experiment. A major part of the stored sclerotia was viable after 30 years. To avoid the spread of seed-borne diseases, it is recommended that gene banks implement routines that avoid the use of infected seeds.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Seed infection by Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue was significantly reduced from 63% to 34% over storage compared with the start.
- Taxon
- meadow fescuee1
- Interactor
- Drechslera dictyoides
Pyrenophora dictyoidese1pathogen - Outcome
- seed infection percentagese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- from 63% to 34%e1
- Comparator
- percentages at the start of the experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed infection by Drechslera phlei in timothy was significantly reduced from 70% to 65% over storage compared with the start.
- Taxon
- timothy
Phleum pratensee1 - Interactor
- Drechslera phleiPyrenophora grahamiie1pathogen
- Outcome
- seed infection percentagese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- from 70% to 65%e1
- Comparator
- percentages at the start of the experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed infection by Septoria nodorum in wheat was significantly reduced from 15% to 1% over storage compared with the start.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Interactor
- Septoria nodorum
Parastagonospora nodorume1pathogen - Outcome
- seed infection percentagese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- from 15% to 1%e1
- Comparator
- percentages at the start of the experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed infection by Phoma betae in beet significantly increased from 43% to 56% over storage.
- Taxon
- beet
Beta vulgarise1 - Interactor
- Phoma betaeNeocamarosporium betaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- seed infection percentagese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- from 43% to 56%e1
- Comparator
- percentages at the start of the experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Linear regression analyses showed that the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively), and that Phoma betae in beet had increased significantly (from 43% to 56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
No trend in seed infection by Drechslera spp. in barley over the storage years (30% to 64%).
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree1 - Interactor
- Drechslera spp.
Drechslerae1pathogen - Outcome
- infection percentagee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Value
- 30% and 64%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“No trends in the infection percentage were observed over the years in Drechslera spp. in barley (fluctuating between 30% and 64%) or in Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage (fluctuating between 82% and 99%), nor in pathogens with low seed infection percentages at the start of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
No trend in seed infection by Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage over the storage years (82% to 99%).
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae1 - Interactor
- Alternaria brassicicola
Alternaria brassicicolae1pathogen - Outcome
- infection percentagee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Value
- 82% and 99%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“No trends in the infection percentage were observed over the years in Drechslera spp. in barley (fluctuating between 30% and 64%) or in Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage (fluctuating between 82% and 99%), nor in pathogens with low seed infection percentages at the start of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
No trend in seed infection over the storage years for pathogens with low seed infection at the start of the experiment.
Verbatim
e1“No trends in the infection percentage were observed over the years in Drechslera spp. in barley (fluctuating between 30% and 64%) or in Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage (fluctuating between 82% and 99%), nor in pathogens with low seed infection percentages at the start of the experiment”
e2“14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries”
Claim · model-written summary
A major part of the stored sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum remained viable after 30 years.
- Taxon
- crop speciese2
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume3pathogen - Outcome
- viablee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A major part of the stored sclerotia was viable after 30 years”
e2“14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries”
e3“a sample of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene banks should implement routines that avoid the use of infected seeds.
Verbatim
e1“it is recommended that gene banks implement routines that avoid the use of infected seeds”
e2“14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed-borne pathogens tested have survived 30 years of seed storage.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e1“To date, the pathogens, tested by traditional seed health testing methods (freezing blotter, agar plates, growing on tests), have survived”
e2“14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries”