Phleum pratense 4,042 claims

species · family Poaceae · green plant · NCBI Taxonomy ↗

Common name: timothy — Also written in claims: timothy · timothy grass · Champ timothy · timothy-grass · timothy grass or alfalfa · timothy plants

Listed here with its subspecies, varieties and cultivar groups: Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii (12 claims), Phleum pratense subsp. nodosum (6 claims)

149 spellings

Questions studied on this organism57 questions3 with results that differ154 papers

Phleum pratenseAnRo0002 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

4,042 claims

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee0
Treatment: Sowing annual legumes with timothye0
Outcome: seed yielde0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 10%–25%e0
Qualifier: in first‐year standse0
Setting: southeastern Norwaye6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–970

e6
“Timothy seed was harvested for two seed production years in three field experiments in southeastern Norway”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–881

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee1
Treatment: Berseem clovere1
Outcome: seed yielde1
Direction: increasese1
Qualifier: sown in the same row with timothye1
Setting: southeastern Norwaye6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) sown in the same row with timothy provided the most consistent seed yield increases”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 972–1152

e6
“Timothy seed was harvested for two seed production years in three field experiments in southeastern Norway”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–881

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee1
Treatment: subterranean clovere1
Outcome: seed yielde1
Direction: increasese1
Qualifier: sown in the same row with timothye1
Setting: southeastern Norwaye6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) sown in the same row with timothy provided the most consistent seed yield increases”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 972–1152

e6
“Timothy seed was harvested for two seed production years in three field experiments in southeastern Norway”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–881

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee0
Treatment: Perennial legume intercropse2
Outcome: seed yielde2
Direction: decreasede2
Value: 10%–36%e2
Qualifier: in first‐year standse2
Setting: southeastern Norwaye6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–970

e2
“Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1154–1234

e6
“Timothy seed was harvested for two seed production years in three field experiments in southeastern Norway”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–881

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee0
Treatment: black medice3
Outcome: seed yielde3
Direction: increasese3
Value: 21%–64%e3
Qualifier: in second‐year standse3
Setting: southeastern Norwaye6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–970

e3
“black medic ( Medicago lupulina L.) provided 21%–64% seed yield increases in second‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1240–1335

e6
“Timothy seed was harvested for two seed production years in three field experiments in southeastern Norway”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–881

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee0
Treatment: legume intercropse4
Outcome: Seed yield increasese4
Qualifier: attributable to panicle number and seed numbere4

Verbatim

e0
“Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–970

e4
“Seed yield increases in response to legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number but not seed weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1337–1462

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Associationauthor interpretationoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee0
Treatment: legume intercropse4
Outcome: seed weighte4
Direction: no_changeinferrede4

Verbatim

e0
“Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first‐year stands”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–970

e4
“Seed yield increases in response to legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number but not seed weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1337–1462

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Recommendation Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume seed size and shape allow removal during seed cleaning.

Taxon: TimothyPhleum pratensee5
Outcome: Timothy seed purity standards can be mete5
Qualifier: if the legume has a seed size and shape that can be removed during seed cleaninge5

Verbatim

e5
“Timothy seed purity standards can be met if the legume has a seed size and shape that can be removed during seed cleaning”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1464–1585

Title

Legume intercropping in organic timothy seed crops

Nicole P. Anderson; Trygve S. Aamlid Agronomy Journal 2026. doi:10.1002/agj2.70409

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Sowing annual legumes with timothy increased seed yield by 10%–25% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Berseem clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Subterranean clover sown in the same row with timothy gave the most consistent seed yield increases.
Intervention effect Perennial legume intercrops decreased seed yield by 10%–36% in first-year stands.
Intervention effect Black medic increased seed yield by 21%–64% in second-year stands.
Mechanism Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were attributable to panicle number and seed number.
Association Seed yield increases from legume intercrops were not attributable to seed weight.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Both sensors estimated plant height with R² of 0.75 and normalized RMSE below 11%.

Taxon: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)Phleum pratenseTrifolium pratensee1
Outcome: plant heighte0
Value: R 2 = 0.75e0
Qualifier: normalized RMSE (RMSEn) < 11%e0

Verbatim

e0
“Both sensors successfully estimated plant height using linear regression (R 2 = 0.75, normalized RMSE (RMSEn) < 11%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1065–1181

e1
“red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 736–809

Title

Hay Yield Estimation Using Ultrasonic and LiDAR Sensors

Kyuho Lee; Kenneth A. Sudduth; Jianfeng Zhou; et al. Journal of the ASABE 2026. doi:10.13031/ja.16023

Other claims from this paper (6)

Method / resource The 20 Hz ultrasonic sensor was more accurate than the 10 Hz LiDAR sensor.
Method / resource Machine learning estimated yield more accurately than simple regression.
Method / resource Decision tree models generally gave the most accurate estimates.
Method / resource Ultrasonic data over a 3-m range yielded the most accurate results.
Method / resource An optimized decision tree ensemble was the best analysis method, with test R² of 0.52 and normalized RMSE of 15%.
Recommendation The authors recommend optimizing collection protocols to improve estimation accuracy.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The 20 Hz ultrasonic sensor was more accurate than the 10 Hz LiDAR sensor.

Taxon: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)Phleum pratenseTrifolium pratensee1
Outcome: more accuratee0
Direction: more accuratee0
Comparator: 10 Hz LiDAR sensore0

Verbatim

e0
“The 20 Hz ultrasonic sensor was more accurate than the 10 Hz LiDAR sensor”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 106–179

e1
“red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 736–809

Title

Hay Yield Estimation Using Ultrasonic and LiDAR Sensors

Kyuho Lee; Kenneth A. Sudduth; Jianfeng Zhou; et al. Journal of the ASABE 2026. doi:10.13031/ja.16023

Other claims from this paper (6)

Method / resource Both sensors estimated plant height with R² of 0.75 and normalized RMSE below 11%.
Method / resource Machine learning estimated yield more accurately than simple regression.
Method / resource Decision tree models generally gave the most accurate estimates.
Method / resource Ultrasonic data over a 3-m range yielded the most accurate results.
Method / resource An optimized decision tree ensemble was the best analysis method, with test R² of 0.52 and normalized RMSE of 15%.
Recommendation The authors recommend optimizing collection protocols to improve estimation accuracy.