Abstract
The success rate of aquaculture is highly influenced by several factors, including optimum water quality, feed management, and microorganism control. Several microorganisms interfere with the quality of media and fish culture, i.e., fish growth. Aeromonas and Vibrio are the main pathogenic bacteria that disrupt fish growth and cause mortality. Sidr leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) extract contains phytochemicals that have antibacterial properties. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical components and analyze the effect of Sidr leaf extract on the growth of aquaculture-based pathogenic bacteria. Sidr leaf extract was obtained using ethanol and tested via phytochemical analysis, chemical analysis, prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) examination, and inhibition capability against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus. The results showed that Sidr leaf extract contained phytochemicals, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that the Sidr leaf extract contained 30 compounds with antiseborrheic effects. PASS analysis demonstrated that 15 compounds (64.51% level) have potential as antibacterial, with a probability activity value of more than 0.300. The inhibition test showed that the Sidr leaf extract exhibited moderate-to-strong inhibition against pathogenic bacterial growth, except for V. vulnificus, for which it produced a weak inhibition. The results indicate that Sidr leaf extract can be used as a natural herb to control bacterial pathogens in fish cultivation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr leaf extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christi
Ziziphus spina-christit1 - Outcome
- flavonoids, alkaloids, saponinse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e1“The results showed that Sidr leaf extract contained phytochemicals, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr leaf extract contained tannins and steroids.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit1
- Outcome
- tannins, and steroidse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e1“The results showed that Sidr leaf extract contained phytochemicals, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr leaf extract contained 30 compounds reported to have antiseborrheic effects.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit1
- Outcome
- compoundse2
- Value
- 30 compoundse2
- Qualifier
- with antiseborrheic effectse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e2“Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that the Sidr leaf extract contained 30 compounds with antiseborrheic effects”
Claim · model-written summary
PASS predicted that 15 compounds (64.51% level) of Sidr leaf extract have potential as antibacterial agents.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit1
- Outcome
- potential as antibacteriale3
- Value
- 15 compounds (64.51% level)e3
- Qualifier
- a probability activity value of more than 0.300e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e3“PASS analysis demonstrated that 15 compounds (64.51% level) have potential as antibacterial, with a probability activity value of more than 0.300”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr leaf extract inhibited pathogenic bacterial growth with moderate-to-strong inhibition, except for V. vulnificus.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit1
- Treatment
- Sidr leaf extracte4
- Outcome
- pathogenic bacterial growthe4
- Direction
- moderate-to-strong inhibitione4
- Qualifier
- except for V. vulnificuse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e4“The inhibition test showed that the Sidr leaf extract exhibited moderate-to-strong inhibition against pathogenic bacterial growth, except for V. vulnificus, for which it produced a weak inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr leaf extract produced only weak inhibition of Vibrio vulnificus.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit1
- Treatment
- Sidr leaf extracte4
- Interactor
- V. vulnificus
Vibrio vulnificuse4pathogen - Outcome
- inhibitione4
- Direction
- weake4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e4“The inhibition test showed that the Sidr leaf extract exhibited moderate-to-strong inhibition against pathogenic bacterial growth, except for V. vulnificus, for which it produced a weak inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr leaf extract can be used as a natural herb to control bacterial pathogens in fish cultivation.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit1
- Treatment
- Sidr leaf extracte5
- Outcome
- control bacterial pathogense5
- Setting
- fish cultivatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi)”
e5“The results indicate that Sidr leaf extract can be used as a natural herb to control bacterial pathogens in fish cultivation”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · disease · Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.