Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the most important factors in reducing the crop yield in the world. The application of humic acid along with selenium can improve the plant yield under salinity stress conditions by increasing the antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the effects of humic acid and selenium application under salinity stress conditions in Calendula officinalis L., a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in Islamshahr city in 2018. The experimental treatments included sodium chloride (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1), humic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg l-1), and selenium (0, 5, and 10 mg l-1) and their combined effects. The results showed that increasing the salinity significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and number of flowers per plant. The foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium improved carotenoids content of the petals and total chlorophyll of the leaves at all salinity levels. Also, with increasing the sodium chloride level up to 100 mg l-1, the amount of proline increased significantly. Meanwhile, the interaction treatments of humic acid and selenium had significant effects (P≤0.0.1) on improving the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes at different salinity levels. The highest amount of essential oil (1.37%) was obtained in the interaction treatment of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium under salinity stress of 50 mg l-1 sodium chloride. In general, the results of this study showed that the foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium could be effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity stress on C. officinalis.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly reduced fresh and dry shoot and root weight.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.
Calendula officinalist0 - Treatment
- increasing the salinitye0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the salinity significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and number of flowers per plant”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly reduced flowers per plant.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- increasing the salinitye0
- Outcome
- number of flowers per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the salinity significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and number of flowers per plant”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar humic acid and selenium improved petal carotenoid content at all salinity levels.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 seleniume0
- Outcome
- carotenoids content of the petalse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- at all salinity levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium improved carotenoids content of the petals and total chlorophyll of the leaves at all salinity levels.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar humic acid and selenium improved leaf total chlorophyll at all salinity levels.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 seleniume0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll of the leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- at all salinity levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium improved carotenoids content of the petals and total chlorophyll of the leaves at all salinity levels.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased significantly as sodium chloride reached 100 mg l-1.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- increasing the sodium chloride level up to 100 mg l-1e0
- Outcome
- amount of prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with increasing the sodium chloride level up to 100 mg l-1, the amount of proline increased significantly.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined humic acid and selenium treatments significantly improved superoxide dismutase activity at different salinity levels.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- interaction treatments of humic acid and seleniume0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- at different salinity levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction treatments of humic acid and selenium had significant effects (P≤0.0.1) on improving the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes at different salinity levels.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined humic acid and selenium treatments significantly improved peroxidase activity at different salinity levels.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- interaction treatments of humic acid and seleniume0
- Gene
- peroxidase enzymese0
- Outcome
- peroxidase enzymese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- at different salinity levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction treatments of humic acid and selenium had significant effects (P≤0.0.1) on improving the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes at different salinity levels.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest essential oil amount was 1.37% with 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium under 50 mg l-1 sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- interaction treatment of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 seleniume0
- Outcome
- amount of essential oile0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.37%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinity stress of 50 mg l-1 sodium chloridee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest amount of essential oil (1.37%) was obtained in the interaction treatment of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium under salinity stress of 50 mg l-1 sodium chloride.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that foliar humic acid and selenium could reduce adverse salinity effects on Calendula.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Outcome
- foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 seleniume0
- Qualifier
- could be effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium could be effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity stress on C. officinalis.”
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
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other · physiology: pigments · Calendula officinalis (pot marigold)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.