Abstract
Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan (Shabbir and Bajwa, 2006). Parthenium is a weed of global significance affecting human and animal health; crop production and native biodiversity (Khosla and Sobti 1979, Navie et al. 1996, Nadeem et al. 2005, Shabbir 2006, Javaid et al. 2006). Parthenium probably arrived in Pakistan in the late 1990s. It has since spread rapidly and now occurs in central and upper Punjab and some parts of North West Frontier Province (Figure 1) where it is recognised as a weed in crops such as wheat and rice, in pasture land (Shabbir 2006) and in natural ecosystems. Of the current management options, chemical and physical methods have limitations, due to expense and potential health hazards. Classical biological control appears to be the preferred option for the long-term management of the weed (Evans 1997). A biological control program was initiated in Australia in 1975 and has resulted in the release of nine insect species and two rust pathogens from the tropical Americas (Adkins and Navie 2006), and several of these are causing significant damage (Dhileepan 2001). Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister, a beetle released as a biocontrol agent against this weed in India and Australia, has been reported in Pakistan (Javaid and Shabbir 2006). It was found to be well established and damaging in the Changa Manga forest reserves. There is a strong need to develop linkages between Pakistani and international institutes, particularly in Australia, to share experiences and to implement a classical weed biological control program to manage parthenium. A priority will be to identify other biological Parthenium weed: management prospects in Pakistan
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium has spread rapidly in Pakistan and now occurs in central and upper Punjab and some parts of North West Frontier Province.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Parthenium hysterophoruse0 - Outcome
- spreade1
- Setting
- central and upper Punjabe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e1“It has since spread rapidly and now occurs in central and upper Punjab and some parts of North West Frontier Province”
Claim · model-written summary
Zygogramma bicolorata was found well established and damaging in the Changa Manga forest reserves.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Interactor
- Zygogramma bicolorata
Zygogramma bicoloratae2biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- well established and damaginge3
- Setting
- Changa Manga forest reservese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e2“Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister, a beetle released as a biocontrol agent against this weed in India and Australia, has been reported in Pakistan (Javaid and Shabbir 2006)”
e3“It was found to be well established and damaging in the Changa Manga forest reserves”
Claim · model-written summary
Classical biological control appears to be the preferred option for long-term management of parthenium.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- long-term management of the weede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e4“Classical biological control appears to be the preferred option for the long-term management of the weed (Evans 1997)”
Claim · model-written summary
A strong need exists to link Pakistani and international institutes to implement a classical weed biological control program for parthenium.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- implement a classical weed biological control programe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e5“There is a strong need to develop linkages between Pakistani and international institutes, particularly in Australia, to share experiences and to implement a classical weed biological control program to manage parthenium”
Claim · model-written summary
The Australian biological control program released nine insect species and two rust pathogens from the tropical Americas against parthenium.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Interactor
- insect speciese6biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- rust pathogense6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- releasee6
- Setting
- Australiae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e6“A biological control program was initiated in Australia in 1975 and has resulted in the release of nine insect species and two rust pathogens from the tropical Americas”
Claim · model-written summary
Several of the released biological control agents are causing significant damage to parthenium.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- significant damagee7
- Qualifier
- several of thesee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e7“and several of these are causing significant damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical and physical management methods have limitations due to expense and potential health hazards.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Treatment
- chemical and physical methodse7
- Outcome
- limitationse7
- Qualifier
- due to expense and potential health hazardse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive species, is spreading through out Pakistan”
e7“Of the current management options, chemical and physical methods have limitations, due to expense and potential health hazards”