Abstract
Soybean, a major legume crop, has seen a decline in its production owing to challenges in seed germination and the development of seedlings. Thus, in this study, we systematically investigated the influence of various chitosan-S-nitrosoglutathione (chitosan-GSNO) nanoparticle (0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) and Si (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) priming concentrations on soybean seed germination and seedling growth over five different priming durations (range: 1-5 h at each concentration). Significant differences were observed in all parameters, except seedling diameter, with both treatments. Seed germination was significantly enhanced after 3 h of priming in both treatments. The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control; however, the mean germination time (MGT) decreased by 18.43%. Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment. Chitosan-GSNO and Si treatment up-regulated the relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genes (GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1) and down-regulated that of abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes (GmABA2, GmAAO3, and GmNCED5). Chitosan-GSNO and Si application increased bioactive GA4 levels and simultaneously reduced ABA content. Hence, the use of exogenous chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles and Si as priming agents had a beneficial effect on seed germination and seedling growth because of the up-regulation in the expression of GA and down-regulation in the expression of ABA. Additional research is needed to understand the combined impact of Si and chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles, including their effects on the expression levels of other hormones and genes even in the later growth stage of the crop.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling diameter did not differ significantly with the treatments.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- both treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seedling diametere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant differences were observed in all parameters, except seedling diameter, with both treatments”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Three hours of priming significantly enhanced seed germination.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 3 h of priming in both treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Seed germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination was significantly enhanced after 3 h of priming in both treatments”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming increased final germination percentage by 20.3%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- final germination percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming increased peak germination percentage by 41.3%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- peak germination percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming increased vigor index by 78.9%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- vigor indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming increased seedling biomass by 25.2%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- seedling biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.2%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming increased hypocotyl length by 15.7%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.7%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming increased radical length by 65.9%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- radical lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM chitosan-GSNO nanoparticle priming decreased mean germination time by 18.43%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seedse1
- Outcome
- mean germination timee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18.43%e0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean germination time (MGT) decreased by 18.43%”
e1“The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control”
e2“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming increased final germination percentage by 13.9%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- FGPe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.9%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“final germination percentage (FGP)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming increased peak germination percentage by 55.17%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- PGPe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 55.17%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“peak germination percentage (PGP)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming increased vigor index by 39.2%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- VIe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.2%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“vigor index (VI)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming increased seedling biomass by 6.5%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- SBe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.5%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“seedling biomass (SB)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming increased hypocotyl length by 22.5%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- HLe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.5%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“hypocotyl length (HL)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming increased radical length by 25.1%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- RLe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.1%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“radical length (RL)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 mM Si priming reduced mean germination time by 12.29%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si priming at 0.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- MGTe2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.29%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
e2“mean germination time (MGT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan-GSNO treatment upregulated GA-related genes and downregulated ABA-related genes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Chitosan-GSNOe0
- Gene
- GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1e0
- Outcome
- relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genes (GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1)e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan-GSNO and Si treatment up-regulated the relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genes (GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1) and down-regulated that of abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes (GmABA2, GmAAO3, and GmNCED5)”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Si treatment upregulated GA-related gene expression.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Si treatmente0
- Gene
- GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1e0
- Outcome
- relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan-GSNO and Si treatment up-regulated the relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genes (GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1)”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan-GSNO and Si application increased bioactive GA4 levels.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Chitosan-GSNO and Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- bioactive GA4 levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan-GSNO and Si application increased bioactive GA4 levels and simultaneously reduced ABA content”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan-GSNO and Si application reduced ABA content.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Chitosan-GSNO and Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan-GSNO and Si application increased bioactive GA4 levels and simultaneously reduced ABA content”
e1“Soybean, a major legume crop”
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