Abstract
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand (commonly known as the apple of sodom, calotrope, and giant milkweed) is an evergreen, perennial shrub of the Apocynaceae family, and is mainly found in arid and semi-arid regions. Previous studies have established the toxic effects of Calotropis procera (C. procera) (Aiton). Its extract is used as one of the vital alternatives to pesticides due to its effective impacts on several pathogens and to combat insect pests that cause severe damage to several crops, but so far, its effects on combating Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the current study focuses on evaluating the effects of the aqueous extract of this plant on FOL by studying physicochemical indicators. In Saudi Arabia and many other countries, such disease is considered as one of the critical factors affecting tomato growth and production. For the control of Fusarium wilt disease (Fwd), many strategies have been developed, but are limited in their use. Ten isolates of the pathogens were obtained from diseased tomato plants. These isolates were able to exhibit symptoms of tomato wilt, and they varied in their virulence. Isolate No. 5 caused the highest severity of the disease (73%). According to these results, we used this isolate in the following experiment, which was identified by ITS sequences as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Following intensive screening studies, we selected aqueous plant extract of C. procera to study its effectiveness against Fwd of tomato plants and their antifungal activity or induce systemic resistance in plants. All concentrations of C. procera extracts suppressed growth of the pathogen. The highest reduction of mycelia growth was obtained by aqueous extract at 15%, it reduced the pathogen growth to 70.2%, relative to the control. In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively). The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively). Total phenols and flavonoids as well as antioxidant enzymes were increased in inoculated or non-inoculated tomato plants after being treated with aqueous extracts of C. procera.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The 15% aqueous extract reduced Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici growth to 70.2% of the control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume3 - Treatment
- aqueous extract at 15%e2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie1pathogen - Outcome
- pathogen growthe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 70.2%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL)”
e2“The highest reduction of mycelia growth was obtained by aqueous extract at 15%, it reduced the pathogen growth to 70.2%, relative to the control”
e3“In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
All concentrations of C. procera extract suppressed growth of the pathogen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- C. procera extractse7
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie1pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of the pathogene7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL)”
e3“In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively)”
e7“All concentrations of C. procera extracts suppressed growth of the pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 5% significantly reduced Fusarium wilt disease of tomato by 52.01% compared with the infected control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e3
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Fwde3
- Direction
- significantly reducede3
- Value
- 52.01e3
- Comparator
- infected controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL)”
e3“In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 10% significantly reduced Fusarium wilt disease of tomato by 69.86% compared with the infected control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e3
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Fwde3
- Direction
- significantly reducede3
- Value
- 69.86e3
- Comparator
- infected controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL)”
e3“In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 15% significantly reduced Fusarium wilt disease of tomato by 83.6% compared with the infected control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e3
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Fwde3
- Direction
- significantly reducede3
- Value
- 83.6%e3
- Comparator
- infected controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL)”
e3“In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 5% significantly enhanced tomato fresh weight (50) compared with inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e4
- Outcome
- fresh weighte4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Value
- 50e4
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 10% significantly enhanced tomato fresh weight (66.6) compared with inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e4
- Outcome
- fresh weighte4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Value
- 66.6e4
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 15% significantly enhanced tomato fresh weight (86.6) compared with inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e4
- Outcome
- fresh weighte4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Value
- 86.6e4
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 5% significantly enhanced tomato dry weight (60%) compared with inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e4
- Outcome
- dry weighte4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Value
- 60e4
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 10% significantly enhanced tomato dry weight (100%) compared with inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e4
- Outcome
- dry weighte4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Value
- 100e4
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous C. procera extract at 15% significantly enhanced tomato dry weight (120%) compared with inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15%e4
- Outcome
- dry weighte4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Value
- 120%e4
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes increased in tomato plants treated with aqueous C. procera extracts.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of C. procerae6
- Outcome
- Total phenols and flavonoids as well as antioxidant enzymese6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Total phenols and flavonoids as well as antioxidant enzymes were increased in inoculated or non-inoculated tomato plants after being treated with aqueous extracts of C. procera”
The same questions in other papers
Calotropis procera · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
botanical · Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →botanical · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
202 papers in the same direction as this paper · 87 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
287 papers more in this group
See all 291 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.