Abstract
Abstract The tea plant is an economically important crop in China, but long-term monoculture and substantial chemical nitrogen fertilizer input cause soil acidification, which in turn affects the nutrient supply and tea quality. Intercropping has drawn more attention in tea gardens because this pattern is expected to improve soil fertility and tea quality and change the soil microbial community composition. However, the roles of some key microorganisms in rhizosphere soils have not been well characterized. Here, a “soybean in summer and smooth vetch in winter” strategy was used in a tea garden to investigate the effects of intercropped legumes on soil fertility, tea quality, and potential changes in beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus. Our data showed that when soybeans were turned into the soil, the intercropping system exhibited higher soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), tea quality indices, and expression of the Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS). Notably, intercropping significantly affected the bacterial communities, decreasing the relative abundance of Bacillus but increasing its absolute abundance. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1 was isolated from intercropped soil and showed outstanding plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties when co-inoculated with rhizobia. In winter, intercropping with smooth vetch had a beneficial effect on soil properties and tea quality. Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5 on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) produced huge improvements in SOM, TN, and tea leaf quality, which were accompanied by the highest level of amino acids and the lowest levels of polyphenols and caffeine (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that intercropping with some legumes in the tea garden is a strategy that increases SOM, TN, and tea quality, and the optional use of some PGP Bacillus species produces an amplification effect.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping system had higher soil organic matter and total nitrogen when soybeans were incorporated.
- Treatment
- soybeans were turned into the soile0
- Interactor
- soybeans
Glycine maxe0other - Outcome
- soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when soybeans were turned into the soil, the intercropping system exhibited higher soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), tea quality indices, and expression of the Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean incorporation in intercropping increased tea quality indices.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensise0 - Treatment
- soybeans were turned into the soile0
- Interactor
- soybeansGlycine maxe0other
- Outcome
- tea quality indicese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when soybeans were turned into the soil, the intercropping system exhibited higher soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), tea quality indices, and expression of the Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean incorporation in intercropping increased CsGS expression.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- soybeans were turned into the soile0
- Interactor
- soybeansGlycine maxe0other
- Gene
- Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS)e0
- Outcome
- expression of the Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when soybeans were turned into the soil, the intercropping system exhibited higher soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), tea quality indices, and expression of the Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly decreased relative Bacillus abundance.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“intercropping significantly affected the bacterial communities, decreasing the relative abundance of Bacillus but increasing its absolute abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly increased absolute Bacillus abundance.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“intercropping significantly affected the bacterial communities, decreasing the relative abundance of Bacillus but increasing its absolute abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1 was isolated from intercropped soil.
- Taxon
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0 - Outcome
- was isolated from intercropped soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1 was isolated from intercropped soil”
Claim · model-written summary
BM1 showed outstanding plant growth promotion when co-inoculated with rhizobia.
- Taxon
- tea plante1
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with rhizobiae0
- Interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiont
- Second interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- outstanding plant growth-promoting (PGP) propertiese0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1 was isolated from intercropped soil and showed outstanding plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties when co-inoculated with rhizobia”
e1“The tea plant is an economically important crop in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter smooth vetch intercropping benefited soil properties.
- Treatment
- intercropping with smooth vetche0
- Interactor
- smooth vetche0other
- Outcome
- soil propertiese0
- Qualifier
- In wintere0
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In winter, intercropping with smooth vetch had a beneficial effect on soil properties and tea quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter smooth vetch intercropping benefited tea quality.
- Taxon
- tea plante1
- Treatment
- intercropping with smooth vetche0
- Interactor
- smooth vetche0other
- Outcome
- tea qualitye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Qualifier
- In wintere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In winter, intercropping with smooth vetch had a beneficial effect on soil properties and tea quality”
e1“The tea plant is an economically important crop in China”
Claim · model-written summary
BM1 and Vic5 co-inoculation on smooth vetch improved soil organic matter and total nitrogen.
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5e0
- Interactor
- BM1e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5
Rhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont - Outcome
- SOM, TNe0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Qualifier
- on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa)e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5 on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) produced huge improvements in SOM, TN, and tea leaf quality”
Claim · model-written summary
BM1 and Vic5 co-inoculation on smooth vetch improved tea leaf quality.
- Taxon
- tea plante1
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5e0
- Interactor
- BM1e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5Rhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- tea leaf qualitye0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Qualifier
- on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5 on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) produced huge improvements in SOM, TN, and tea leaf quality”
e1“The tea plant is an economically important crop in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation yielded the highest amino acids level.
- Taxon
- tea plante1
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5e0
- Interactor
- BM1e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5Rhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- level of amino acidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5 on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) produced huge improvements in SOM, TN, and tea leaf quality, which were accompanied by the highest level of amino acids and the lowest levels of polyphenols and caffeine (p < 0.05)”
e1“The tea plant is an economically important crop in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation yielded the lowest polyphenols and caffeine levels.
- Taxon
- tea plante1
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5e0
- Interactor
- BM1e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5Rhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of polyphenols and caffeinee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5 on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) produced huge improvements in SOM, TN, and tea leaf quality, which were accompanied by the highest level of amino acids and the lowest levels of polyphenols and caffeine (p < 0.05)”
e1“The tea plant is an economically important crop in China”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that legume intercropping improves soil fertility and tea quality, amplified by optional PGP Bacillus use.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping with some legumes in the tea garden is a strategy that increases SOM, TN, and tea quality, and the optional use of some PGP Bacillus species produces an amplification effect”
e1“The tea plant is an economically important crop in China”
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