Abstract
Abstract Maize is an important industrial crop where yield and quality enhancement both assume greater importance. Clean production technologies like conservation agriculture and integrated nutrient management hold the key to enhance productivity and quality besides improving soil health and environment. Hence, maize productivity and quality were assessed under a maize–wheat cropping system (MWCS) using four crop-establishment and tillage management practices [FBCT–FBCT (Flat bed–conventional tillage both in maize and wheat); RBCT–RBZT (Raised bed–CT in maize and raised bed–zero tillage in wheat); FBZT–FBZT (FBZT both in maize and wheat); PRBZT–PRBZT (Permanent raised bed–ZT both in maize and wheat], and five P-fertilization practices [P 100 (100% soil applied-P); P 50 + 2FSP (50% soil applied-P + 2 foliar-sprays of P through 2% DAP both in maize and wheat); P 50 + PSB + AM-fungi; P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP; and P 0 (100% NK with no-P)] in split-plot design replicated-thrice. Double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT system significantly enhanced the maize grain, starch, protein and oil yield by 13.1–19% over conventional FBCT–FBCT. P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP, integrating soil applied-P, microbial-inoculants and foliar-P, had significantly higher grain, starch, protein and oil yield by 12.5–17.2% over P 100 besides saving 34.7% fertilizer-P both in maize and on cropping-system basis. P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP again had significantly higher starch, lysine and tryptophan content by 4.6–10.4% over P 100 due to sustained and synchronized P-bioavailability. Higher amylose content (24.1%) was observed in grains under P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP, a beneficial trait due to its lower glycemic-index highly required for diabetic patients, where current COVID-19 pandemic further necessitated the use of such dietary ingredients. Double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT reported greater MUFA (oleic acid, 37.1%), MUFA: PUFA ratio and P/S index with 6.9% higher P/S index in corn-oil (an oil quality parameter highly required for heart-health) over RBCT-RBCT. MUFA, MUFA: PUFA ratio and P/S index were also higher under P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP; avowing the obvious role of foliar-P and microbial-inoculants in influencing maize fatty acid composition. Overall, double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT with crop residue retention at 6 t/ha per year along with P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP while saving 34.7% fertilizer-P in MWCS, may prove beneficial in enhancing maize productivity and quality so as to reinforce the food and nutritional security besides boosting food, corn-oil and starch industry in south-Asia and collateral arid agro-ecologies across the globe.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised bed zero tillage increased maize grain, starch, protein and oil yields by 13.1–19%.
- Treatment
- PRBZT–PRBZTe0
- Outcome
- maize grain, starch, protein and oil yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 13.1–19%e0
- Comparator
- FBCT–FBCTe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT system significantly enhanced the maize grain, starch, protein and oil yield by 13.1–19% over conventional FBCT–FBCT”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined P fertilization and inoculation increased grain, starch, protein and oil yields by 12.5–17.2%.
- Treatment
- P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSPe0
- Outcome
- grain, starch, protein and oil yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.5–17.2%e0
- Comparator
- P 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP, integrating soil applied-P, microbial-inoculants and foliar-P, had significantly higher grain, starch, protein and oil yield by 12.5–17.2% over P 100”
t0“maize productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment saved 34.7% fertilizer phosphorus.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saving 34.7% fertilizer-P both in maize and on cropping-system basis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined P fertilization and inoculation increased starch, lysine and tryptophan content by 4.6–10.4%.
- Treatment
- P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSPe0
- Outcome
- starch, lysine and tryptophan contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.6–10.4%e0
- Comparator
- P 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP again had significantly higher starch, lysine and tryptophan content by 4.6–10.4% over P 100”
t0“maize productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined P treatment produced grain amylose content of 24.1%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher amylose content (24.1%) was observed in grains under P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP”
t0“maize productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised bed zero tillage yielded corn oil oleic acid of 37.1%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT reported greater MUFA (oleic acid, 37.1%)”
t0“maize productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised bed zero tillage increased the corn oil P/S index by 6.9% over raised bed conventional tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6.9% higher P/S index in corn-oil (an oil quality parameter highly required for heart-health) over RBCT-RBCT”
t0“maize productivity”
e1“Double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT system significantly enhanced the maize grain, starch, protein and oil yield by 13.1–19% over conventional FBCT–FBCT”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised bed zero tillage increased the MUFA:PUFA ratio.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT reported greater MUFA (oleic acid, 37.1%), MUFA: PUFA ratio and P/S index”
t0“maize productivity”
e1“6.9% higher P/S index in corn-oil (an oil quality parameter highly required for heart-health) over RBCT-RBCT”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined P treatment increased MUFA, MUFA:PUFA ratio and P/S index.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MUFA, MUFA: PUFA ratio and P/S index were also higher under P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP”
t0“maize productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose permanent raised bed zero tillage with residue retention and integrated phosphorus management for maize productivity and quality.
- Outcome
- enhancing maize productivity and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double zero-tilled PRBZT–PRBZT with crop residue retention at 6 t/ha per year along with P 50 + PSB + AMF + 2FSP while saving 34.7% fertilizer-P in MWCS, may prove beneficial in enhancing maize productivity and quality”
t0“maize productivity”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.