Abstract
Soil-borne plant pathogens are difficult to control, and the application of individual biocontrol agents is often limited. This limitation calls for an integrated approach, and the combination of microorganisms might result in more effective control than individual inoculations. In our study, we investigated the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation of the endophytic fungus Serendipita herbamans and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in protecting tomato plants from the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks. Plants cultivated for eight weeks received Fol chlamydospores on the day of transplanting (simultaneous Fol inoculation), whereas plants grown for sixteen weeks obtained Fol either simultaneously or two weeks later (delayed Fol inoculation). S. herbamans was inoculated via root dipping for 24 h, while AMF was applied on the day of transplanting. The disease incidence was reduced by 67% when S. herbamans was inoculated individually or by 53% when it was coinoculated with AMF in the eight-week cultivation period. Even until sixteen weeks, a reduction in disease incidence by 25% and 42%, respectively, was evident. Delayed inoculation with Fol did not affect the disease incidence, but the disease severity was increased in plants treated solely with AMF. With regard to the other parameters, the AMF partner colonized the roots readily, enhanced the phosphorus status and compensated for the growth of tomato plants challenged with Fol. In combination with the bioprotective effect mediated by the endophyte, AMF strengthened the morphological and nutritional features, providing tomato plants a long-term protective advantage when challenged with Fol.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Single inoculation with Serendipita herbamans reduced Fusarium wilt incidence in tomato by 67% in the eight-week cultivation period.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- single inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Serendipita herbamansSerendipita herbamanse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 67%e2
- Qualifier
- eight-week cultivation periode2
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e0“we investigated the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation of the endophytic fungus Serendipita herbamans and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in protecting tomato plants from the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol)”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e2“The disease incidence was reduced by 67% when S. herbamans was inoculated individually or by 53% when it was coinoculated with AMF in the eight-week cultivation period”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation with AMF reduced Fusarium wilt incidence in tomato by 53% in the eight-week cultivation period.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- coinoculated with AMFe2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Serendipita herbamansSerendipita herbamanse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 53%e2
- Qualifier
- eight-week cultivation periode2
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e0“we investigated the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation of the endophytic fungus Serendipita herbamans and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in protecting tomato plants from the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol)”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e2“The disease incidence was reduced by 67% when S. herbamans was inoculated individually or by 53% when it was coinoculated with AMF in the eight-week cultivation period”
Claim · model-written summary
Single inoculation with Serendipita herbamans reduced disease incidence in tomato by 25% at sixteen weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- single inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Serendipita herbamansSerendipita herbamanse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 25%e3
- Qualifier
- Even until sixteen weekse3
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e0“we investigated the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation of the endophytic fungus Serendipita herbamans and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in protecting tomato plants from the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol)”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e3“Even until sixteen weeks, a reduction in disease incidence by 25% and 42%, respectively, was evident”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation reduced disease incidence in tomato by 42% at sixteen weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- coinoculatione0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Serendipita herbamansSerendipita herbamanse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 42%e3
- Qualifier
- Even until sixteen weekse3
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e0“we investigated the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation of the endophytic fungus Serendipita herbamans and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in protecting tomato plants from the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol)”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e3“Even until sixteen weeks, a reduction in disease incidence by 25% and 42%, respectively, was evident”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed inoculation with Fol did not affect disease incidence in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed inoculation with Fole4
- Interactor
- Fole4pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee4
- Direction
- did not affecte4
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e4“Delayed inoculation with Fol did not affect the disease incidence, but the disease severity was increased in plants treated solely with AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants treated solely with AMF showed increased disease severity under delayed Fol inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treated solely with AMFe4
- Interactor
- Fole4pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- Delayed inoculation with Fole4
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e4“Delayed inoculation with Fol did not affect the disease incidence, but the disease severity was increased in plants treated solely with AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
The AMF partner colonized tomato roots readily.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- colonized the rootse5
- Qualifier
- readilye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e5“the AMF partner colonized the roots readily, enhanced the phosphorus status and compensated for the growth of tomato plants challenged with Fol”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced the phosphorus status of tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus statuse5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e5“the AMF partner colonized the roots readily, enhanced the phosphorus status and compensated for the growth of tomato plants challenged with Fol”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF compensated for the growth of tomato plants challenged with Fol.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe5
- Interactor
- Fole5pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of tomato plantse5
- Direction
- compensated fore5
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e1“We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks”
e5“the AMF partner colonized the roots readily, enhanced the phosphorus status and compensated for the growth of tomato plants challenged with Fol”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF strengthened the morphological and nutritional features of tomato plants challenged with Fol.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- morphological and nutritional featurese6
- Direction
- strengthenede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e6“In combination with the bioprotective effect mediated by the endophyte, AMF strengthened the morphological and nutritional features, providing tomato plants a long-term protective advantage when challenged with Fol”
Claim · model-written summary
In combination with the endophyte effect, AMF gave tomato plants a long-term protective advantage against Fol.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- In combination with the bioprotective effect mediated by the endophytee6
- Interactor
- Fole6pathogen
- Outcome
- long-term protective advantagee6
- Direction
- providinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduces Fusarium wilt in tomato”
e6“In combination with the bioprotective effect mediated by the endophyte, AMF strengthened the morphological and nutritional features, providing tomato plants a long-term protective advantage when challenged with Fol”
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