Abstract
The contributions of soil biota toward outcomes of pathogenic interactions between Radopholus similis and Fusarium oxysporum V5w2 in tissue culture banana plants starved of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were investigated. The study was based on three screenhouse factorial experiments (2 × 2 × 2) comprising of potted banana plants with or without R. similis , with or without F. oxysporum V5w2, and either grown in sterile or non-sterile soil. All plants in each of the three experiments received nutrient solutions that were deficient in N, P, or K, respectively. In all the three nutritional regimes, plants inoculated with R. similis were heavily colonized by the nematode with high percentage dead roots and necrosis, while their root biomasses were low. N-starved plants co-inoculated with R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2 had lower percentage dead roots and tended to have numerically lower nematode density compared to those treated with R. similis only, especially in non-sterile soil. N-starved plants inoculated with R. similis had higher shoot dry weight, were taller with more leaves that were larger, compared to those not inoculated with the nematode. Plants grown in non-sterile soil had lower percentage dead roots, necrosis and R. similis density than those from sterile soil, regardless of the nutrient regime. N-starved plants from non-sterile soil were shorter with smaller leaves having decreased chlorophyll content and lower biomass, compared to those from sterile soil. By contrast, P and K starved plants from non-sterile soil were taller with larger leaves and more biomass, compared to those from sterile soil. Roots inoculated with R. similis had higher endophytic colonization by Fusarium spp., especially when co-inoculated with F. oxysporum V5w2 and grown in sterile soil among the N and K-starved plants. In conclusion, pathogenic interactions between R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2 are predominantly suppressed by a complex of soil microbes that exert plant growth promoting effects in tissue culture banana plants through N, P, and K dependent processes. Nitrogen is the most important limiting factor in rhizosphere interactions between banana roots, beneficial microbes and the pathogens. Soil sterilization and the stringent aseptic tissue culture techniques still require the development of alternative innovative ways of conserving microbial services for sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Banana plants inoculated with R. similis were heavily colonized by the nematode.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Interactor
- R. similis
Radopholus similise1pathogen - Outcome
- colonized by the nematodee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e1“plants inoculated with R. similis were heavily colonized by the nematode with high percentage dead roots and necrosis, while their root biomasses were low”
Claim · model-written summary
R. similis-inoculated banana plants showed high percentage dead roots and necrosis.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise1pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage dead roots and necrosise1
- Direction
- highe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e1“plants inoculated with R. similis were heavily colonized by the nematode with high percentage dead roots and necrosis, while their root biomasses were low”
Claim · model-written summary
R. similis-inoculated banana plants had low root biomass.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise1pathogen
- Outcome
- root biomassese1
- Direction
- lowe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e1“plants inoculated with R. similis were heavily colonized by the nematode with high percentage dead roots and necrosis, while their root biomasses were low”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation with F. oxysporum V5w2 lowered percentage dead roots in N-starved banana plants compared with R. similis alone.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2e2
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise2pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. oxysporum V5w2
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume2pathogen - Outcome
- percentage dead rootse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- R. similis onlye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e2“N-starved plants co-inoculated with R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2 had lower percentage dead roots and tended to have numerically lower nematode density compared to those treated with R. similis only, especially in non-sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation with F. oxysporum V5w2 numerically lowered R. similis density in N-starved banana plants compared with R. similis alone.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2e2
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise2pathogen
- Outcome
- nematode densitye2
- Direction
- numerically lowere2
- Qualifier
- tended to havee2
- Comparator
- R. similis onlye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e2“N-starved plants co-inoculated with R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2 had lower percentage dead roots and tended to have numerically lower nematode density compared to those treated with R. similis only, especially in non-sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
R. similis-inoculated N-starved banana plants had higher shoot dry weight than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with R. similise3
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise3pathogen
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- not inoculated with the nematodee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e3“N-starved plants inoculated with R. similis had higher shoot dry weight, were taller with more leaves that were larger, compared to those not inoculated with the nematode”
Claim · model-written summary
R. similis-inoculated N-starved banana plants were taller with more and larger leaves than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with R. similise3
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise3pathogen
- Outcome
- taller with more leaves that were largere3
- Direction
- tallere3
- Comparator
- not inoculated with the nematodee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e3“N-starved plants inoculated with R. similis had higher shoot dry weight, were taller with more leaves that were larger, compared to those not inoculated with the nematode”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-sterile soil lowered percentage dead roots and necrosis in banana plants compared with sterile soil, regardless of nutrient regime.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e4“Plants grown in non-sterile soil had lower percentage dead roots, necrosis and R. similis density than those from sterile soil, regardless of the nutrient regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-sterile soil lowered R. similis density in banana plants compared with sterile soil.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- non-sterile soile4
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise4pathogen
- Outcome
- R. similis densitye4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- sterile soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e4“Plants grown in non-sterile soil had lower percentage dead roots, necrosis and R. similis density than those from sterile soil, regardless of the nutrient regime”
Claim · model-written summary
N-starved banana plants from non-sterile soil were shorter with smaller leaves than those from sterile soil.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e5“N-starved plants from non-sterile soil were shorter with smaller leaves having decreased chlorophyll content and lower biomass, compared to those from sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
N-starved banana plants from non-sterile soil had decreased chlorophyll content and lower biomass than those from sterile soil.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e5“N-starved plants from non-sterile soil were shorter with smaller leaves having decreased chlorophyll content and lower biomass, compared to those from sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
P and K starved banana plants from non-sterile soil were taller with larger leaves than those from sterile soil.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e6“P and K starved plants from non-sterile soil were taller with larger leaves and more biomass, compared to those from sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
P and K starved banana plants from non-sterile soil had more biomass than those from sterile soil.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e6“P and K starved plants from non-sterile soil were taller with larger leaves and more biomass, compared to those from sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots inoculated with R. similis had higher endophytic colonization by Fusarium spp.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with R. similise7
- Second interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise7pathogen
- Outcome
- endophytic colonization by Fusarium spp.e7
- Direction
- highere7
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres”
e7“Roots inoculated with R. similis had higher endophytic colonization by Fusarium spp., especially when co-inoculated with F. oxysporum V5w2 and grown in sterile soil among the N and K-starved plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogenic interactions between R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2 are predominantly suppressed by a complex of soil microbes in banana.
- Taxon
- bananae0
- Treatment
- complex of soil microbese0
- Interactor
- R. similisRadopholus similise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. oxysporum V5w2Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic interactions between R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2e0
- Direction
- predominantly suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pathogenic interactions between R. similis and F. oxysporum V5w2 are predominantly suppressed by a complex of soil microbes that exert plant growth promoting effects in tissue culture banana plants through N, P, and K dependent processes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen is the most important limiting factor in rhizosphere interactions between banana roots, beneficial microbes and pathogens.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen is the most important limiting factor in rhizosphere interactions between banana roots, beneficial microbes and the pathogens”
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