Abstract
Olive anthracnose, mainly caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, is considered a key biotic constraint of the olive crop worldwide. This work aimed to evaluate the ability of the endophytes Aureobasidium pullulans and Sarocladium summerbellii isolated from olive trees to reduce C. acutatum growth and anthracnose symptoms, and to assess A. pullulans-mediated changes in olive fruit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their consequences on anthracnose development. Among the endophytes tested, only A. pullulans significantly reduced the incidence (up to 10-fold) and severity (up to 35-fold) of anthracnose in detached fruits, as well as the growth (up to 1.3-fold), sporulation (up to 5.9-fold) and germination (up to 3.5-fold) of C. acutatum in dual culture assays. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of olives inoculated with A. pullulans + C. acutatum and controls (olives inoculated with C. acutatum, A. pullulans or Tween) led to the identification of 37 VOCs, with alcohols being the most diversified and abundant class. The volatile profile of A. pullulans + C. acutatum revealed qualitative and quantitative differences from the controls and varied over the time course of microbial interactions. The most significant differences among treatments were observed at a maximal reduction in anthracnose development. At this stage, a set of VOCs, particularly Z-3-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol and nonanal, were highly positively correlated with the A. pullulans + C. acutatum treatment, suggesting they play a critical role in anthracnose reduction. 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 2-nonanone were positively associated with the C. acutatum treatment and thus likely have a role in pathogen infection.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
A. pullulans reduced anthracnose incidence up to tenfold in detached olive fruits.
- Treatment
- A. pullulanse0
- Interactor
- A. pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulanse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 10-folde0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only A. pullulans significantly reduced the incidence (up to 10-fold) and severity (up to 35-fold) of anthracnose in detached fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pullulans reduced anthracnose severity up to 35-fold.
- Treatment
- A. pullulanse0
- Interactor
- A. pullulansAureobasidium pullulanse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 35-folde0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only A. pullulans significantly reduced the incidence (up to 10-fold) and severity (up to 35-fold) of anthracnose in detached fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pullulans reduced C. acutatum growth up to 1.3-fold.
- Interactor
- C. acutatum
Colletotrichum acutatume0pathogen - Outcome
- growthe0
- Value
- up to 1.3-folde0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth (up to 1.3-fold), sporulation (up to 5.9-fold) and germination (up to 3.5-fold) of C. acutatum in dual culture assays”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pullulans reduced C. acutatum sporulation up to 5.9-fold.
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- sporulatione0
- Value
- up to 5.9-folde0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sporulation (up to 5.9-fold) and germination (up to 3.5-fold) of C. acutatum in dual culture assays”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pullulans reduced C. acutatum germination up to 3.5-fold.
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Value
- up to 3.5-folde0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination (up to 3.5-fold) of C. acutatum in dual culture assays”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty-seven olive VOCs were identified, with alcohols most diverse and abundant.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“identification of 37 VOCs, with alcohols being the most diversified and abundant class”
Claim · model-written summary
The dual-inoculation volatile profile differed qualitatively and quantitatively from controls and over time.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The volatile profile of A. pullulans + C. acutatum revealed qualitative and quantitative differences from the controls and varied over the time course of microbial interactions”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest treatment differences coincided with maximal anthracnose reduction.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The most significant differences among treatments were observed at a maximal reduction in anthracnose development”
Claim · model-written summary
Z-3-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol and nonanal correlated positively with dual inoculation.
- Treatment
- A. pullulans + C. acutatum treatmente0
- Outcome
- Z-3-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol and nonanale0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Z-3-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol and nonanal, were highly positively correlated with the A. pullulans + C. acutatum treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 2-nonanone were associated with pathogen treatment.
- Treatment
- C. acutatum treatmente0
- Outcome
- 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 2-nonanonee0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 2-nonanone were positively associated with the C. acutatum treatment”