Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), a major component of brominated flame retardants, has been detected in considerable amounts in the soil. Given that BDE-209 is toxic, ubiquitous, and persistent, it may cause toxic effects on vegetables planted in contaminated soil. In this study, Chinese cabbage seedlings cultivated in the soil contaminated by BDE-209 (5 - 20 mg kg-1) for 60 d were investigated to evaluate the phytotoxicity of BDE-209 in terms of growth, physiological responses, photosynthetic function, and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that BDE-209-induced phytotoxicity was reflected in the growth suppression, the decrease of chlorophyll content and soluble protein content, and especially in the reduced photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance). BDE-209 showed direct toxicities to plasma membranes causing their elevated permeability. In addition, BDE-209 induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, manifesting in the increased content of O2*-, H2O2, malondialdehyde, and carbonyl. Chinese cabbage seedlings activated the antioxidant defence system (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) to scavenge the ROS and counter-balance the oxidative stress caused by BDE-209, while the toxicity could not be effectively alleviated. Our study will provide valuable information for further understanding of the phytotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
BDE-209 suppressed Chinese cabbage growth.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0 - Treatment
- BDE-209e0
- Outcome
- growth suppressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BDE-209-induced phytotoxicity was reflected in the growth suppression”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
BDE-209 reduced chlorophyll and soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the decrease of chlorophyll content and soluble protein content”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
BDE-209 reduced net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance)”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
BDE-209 elevated plasma membrane permeability.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- BDE-209e0
- Outcome
- plasma membranes causing their elevated permeabilitye0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BDE-209 showed direct toxicities to plasma membranes causing their elevated permeability”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
BDE-209 induced reactive oxygen species overproduction, membrane lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- BDE-209e0
- Outcome
- overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BDE-209 induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
O2*-, H2O2 and malondialdehyde contents increased.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- content of O2*-, H2O2, malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased content of O2*-, H2O2, malondialdehyde, and carbonyl”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonyl content increased.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- carbonyle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased content of O2*-, H2O2, malondialdehyde, and carbonyl”
t0“Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Chinese cabbage seedlings activated superoxide dismutase and peroxidase defence, but toxicity was not effectively alleviated.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage seedlingsBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase and peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defence system (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase)e0
- Qualifier
- toxicity could not be effectively alleviatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese cabbage seedlings activated the antioxidant defence system (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) to scavenge the ROS and counter-balance the oxidative stress caused by BDE-209, while the toxicity could not be effectively alleviated”