Abstract
Abstract Pondweed is a rhizomatous perennial weed of aquatic habitats that recently adapted to rice ecosystems in northern Iran. Two field experiments were conducted at the Rice Research Institute of Iran to determine the impact of pondweed on rice yield and identify effective herbicides for pondweed control. The focus of the first study was to evaluate the herbicides commonly used in Iranian rice, including butachlor, pretilachlor, oxadiargyl, pendimethalin, thiobencarb, and bensulfuron-methyl. None of these herbicides effectively controlled pondweed, except bensulfuron, which reduced pondweed biomass by ≥95% and produced 26% higher rough rice grain yield than the nontreated plots. The second experiment evaluated the performance of acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides on pondweed control, rough rice yield, and pondweed regrowth. Herbicide efficacy on pondweed varied from 36% to 100%. Five preemergence herbicides, bensulfuron at 45 g ai ha −1 , flucetosulfuron at 30 g ai ha −1 , triafamone plus ethoxysulfuron at 40 g ai ha −1 , and metsulfuron-methyl at 15 g ai ha −1 , provided ≥98% control of pondweed. Use of postemergence herbicides penoxsulam at 35 g ai ha −1 , bispyribac-sodium at 30 g ai ha −1 , and pyribenzoxim at 35 g ai ha −1 provided 36%, 89%, and 93% pondweed control, respectively. Rough rice yields ranged from 107% to 124% in herbicide-treated plots compared with the nontreated plots. Soil-applied herbicide treatments produced higher (≥119%) yield than the hand-weeded control or foliar-applied herbicides. Pondweed regrowth was affected by herbicides and was variable. Soil-applied residual herbicides metazosulfuron, flucetosulfuron, and metsulfuron provided complete control of pondweed and prevented regrowth. In contrast, pondweed regrowth in other soil- and foliar-applied herbicide treatments occurred, indicating their lesser translocation to underground vegetative rhizomes. This study shows that although most sulfonylurea herbicides can control pondweed effectively to achieve high rough rice yield, only a few soil-applied herbicides were able to prevent pondweed regrowth.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Common rice herbicides other than bensulfuron did not effectively control pondweed.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- these herbicidese0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- pondweede0
- Direction
- None of these herbicides effectively controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of these herbicides effectively controlled pondweed, except bensulfuron”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bensulfuron reduced pondweed biomass by at least 95%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- bensulfurone0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- pondweed biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ≥95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bensulfuron, which reduced pondweed biomass by ≥95%”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bensulfuron increased rough rice grain yield by 26% relative to nontreated plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- bensulfurone1
- Outcome
- rough rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“produced 26% higher rough rice grain yield than the nontreated plots”
e1“bensulfuron, which reduced pondweed biomass by ≥95%”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide efficacy on pondweed ranged from 36% to 100%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- Herbicide efficacy on pondweede0
- Value
- 36% to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide efficacy on pondweed varied from 36% to 100%”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bensulfuron at 45 g ai ha −1 provided at least 98% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- bensulfuron at 45 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweede1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- ≥98%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bensulfuron at 45 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided ≥98% control of pondweed”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Flucetosulfuron at 30 g ai ha −1 provided at least 98% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- flucetosulfuron at 30 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweede1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- ≥98%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flucetosulfuron at 30 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided ≥98% control of pondweed”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Triafamone plus ethoxysulfuron at 40 g ai ha −1 provided at least 98% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- triafamone plus ethoxysulfuron at 40 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweede1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- ≥98%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“triafamone plus ethoxysulfuron at 40 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided ≥98% control of pondweed”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron-methyl at 15 g ai ha −1 provided at least 98% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- metsulfuron-methyl at 15 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweede1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- ≥98%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metsulfuron-methyl at 15 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided ≥98% control of pondweed”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam at 35 g ai ha −1 provided 36% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam at 35 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- pondweed controle1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- 36%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“penoxsulam at 35 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided 36%, 89%, and 93% pondweed control, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bispyribac-sodium at 30 g ai ha −1 provided 89% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- bispyribac-sodium at 30 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- pondweed controle1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- 89%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bispyribac-sodium at 30 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided 36%, 89%, and 93% pondweed control, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyribenzoxim at 35 g ai ha −1 provided 93% pondweed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyribenzoxim at 35 g ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- pondweede1weed
- Outcome
- pondweed controle1
- Direction
- controle1
- Value
- 93%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pyribenzoxim at 35 g ai ha −1”
e1“provided 36%, 89%, and 93% pondweed control, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rough rice yields in herbicide-treated plots were 107% to 124% of nontreated plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- herbicide-treated plotse0
- Outcome
- Rough rice yieldse0
- Value
- 107% to 124%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated plotse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rough rice yields ranged from 107% to 124% in herbicide-treated plots compared with the nontreated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied herbicides yielded at least 119% relative to hand-weeded control or foliar-applied herbicides.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Soil-applied herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ≥119%e0
- Comparator
- hand-weeded control or foliar-applied herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil-applied herbicide treatments produced higher (≥119%) yield than the hand-weeded control or foliar-applied herbicides”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Metazosulfuron completely controlled pondweed and prevented regrowth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- metazosulfurone0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweed and prevented regrowthe0
- Direction
- complete controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metazosulfuron, flucetosulfuron, and metsulfuron provided complete control of pondweed and prevented regrowth”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Flucetosulfuron completely controlled pondweed and prevented regrowth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- flucetosulfurone0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweed and prevented regrowthe0
- Direction
- complete controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metazosulfuron, flucetosulfuron, and metsulfuron provided complete control of pondweed and prevented regrowth”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron completely controlled pondweed and prevented regrowth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- metsulfurone0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of pondweed and prevented regrowthe0
- Direction
- complete controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metazosulfuron, flucetosulfuron, and metsulfuron provided complete control of pondweed and prevented regrowth”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pondweed regrew under other soil- and foliar-applied herbicides.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- other soil- and foliar-applied herbicide treatmentse0
- Interactor
- pondweede0weed
- Outcome
- pondweed regrowthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pondweed regrowth in other soil- and foliar-applied herbicide treatments occurred”
t0“rice”
The same questions in other papers
bensulfuron · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
metsulfuron methyl · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
bensulfuron · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →bispyribac-sodium · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Penoxsulam · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Flucetosulfuron · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Ethoxysulfuron · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
bensulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.