Abstract
The looming water crisis and shortage of labor during rice transplanting in northwest India have led researchers to develop alternative methods to transition away from puddled transplanted rice. In this context, dry-seeded rice (DSR) is emerging as an efficient production technology to replace puddled transplanted rice. Weeds, however, are the main biological constraints to its success. A study comprising 12 treatments was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PRE (pendimethalin and pyrazosulfuron) and POST herbicides (bispyribac, penoxsulam, and azimsulfuron) applied either alone or in a sequence for weed control in dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’. Results indicated that the single application of pendimethalin (750 g ai ha −1 ) PRE, pyrazosulfuron (15 g ai ha −1 ) PRE, bispyribac-sodium (25 g ai ha −1 ) POST, penoxsulam (25 g ai ha −1 ) POST, and azimsulfuron (20 g ai ha −1 ) POST reduced total weed biomass by 75, 68, 73, 70, and 72%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control at flowering stage of the crop. Azimsulfuron POST and pyrazosulfuron PRE proved effective against purple nutsedge and crowfootgrass, respectively. Chinese sprangletop, large crabgrass, and junglerice were effectively controlled with pendimethalin PRE. POST application of bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam provided effective control of rice flatsedge. Compared to the nontreated control, grain yield following the single application of pendimethalin PRE, pyrazosulfuron PRE, bispyribac-sodium POST, penoxsulam POST, and azimsulfuron POST increased by 149, 119, 138, 124, and 144%, respectively. The sequential application of herbicides proved better than single applications. The lowest weed biomass was observed with the sequential application of pendimethalin PRE followed by azimsulfuron POST, and rice yielded 228% more than the nontreated control following this treatment. The results of this study are important for farmers growing DSR in making decisions regarding the application of POST herbicides, according to existing weed flora in the field.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Single pendimethalin PRE application reduced total weed biomass by 75% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- ‘Punjab Mehak 1’e0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin (750 g ai ha −1 ) PREe1
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- total weed biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 75e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“the single application of pendimethalin (750 g ai ha −1 ) PRE”
e2“reduced total weed biomass by 75, 68, 73, 70, and 72%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control at flowering stage of the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Single pyrazosulfuron PRE application reduced total weed biomass by 68% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- ‘Punjab Mehak 1’e0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron (15 g ai ha −1 ) PREe1
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- total weed biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 68e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“pyrazosulfuron (15 g ai ha −1 ) PRE”
e2“reduced total weed biomass by 75, 68, 73, 70, and 72%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control at flowering stage of the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Single bispyribac-sodium POST application reduced total weed biomass by 73% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- ‘Punjab Mehak 1’e0
- Treatment
- bispyribac-sodium (25 g ai ha −1 ) POSTe1
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- total weed biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 73e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“bispyribac-sodium (25 g ai ha −1 ) POST”
e2“reduced total weed biomass by 75, 68, 73, 70, and 72%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control at flowering stage of the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Single penoxsulam POST application reduced total weed biomass by 70% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- ‘Punjab Mehak 1’e0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam (25 g ai ha −1 ) POSTe1
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- total weed biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 70e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“penoxsulam (25 g ai ha −1 ) POST”
e2“reduced total weed biomass by 75, 68, 73, 70, and 72%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control at flowering stage of the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Single azimsulfuron POST application reduced total weed biomass by 72% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- ‘Punjab Mehak 1’e0
- Treatment
- azimsulfuron (20 g ai ha −1 ) POSTe1
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- total weed biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 72e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“azimsulfuron (20 g ai ha −1 ) POST”
e2“reduced total weed biomass by 75, 68, 73, 70, and 72%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control at flowering stage of the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Azimsulfuron POST was effective against purple nutsedge.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Azimsulfuron POSTe1
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee1weed
- Outcome
- effective against purple nutsedgee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Azimsulfuron POST and pyrazosulfuron PRE proved effective against purple nutsedge and crowfootgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron PRE was effective against crowfootgrass.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron PREe1
- Interactor
- crowfootgrasse1weed
- Outcome
- effective against purple nutsedge and crowfootgrasse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Azimsulfuron POST and pyrazosulfuron PRE proved effective against purple nutsedge and crowfootgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin PRE effectively controlled Chinese sprangletop, large crabgrass and junglerice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin PREe1
- Interactor
- Chinese sprangletope1weed
- Second interactor
- large crabgrasse1weed
- Outcome
- effectively controllede1
- Qualifier
- junglericee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Chinese sprangletop, large crabgrass, and junglerice were effectively controlled with pendimethalin PRE”
Claim · model-written summary
POST bispyribac-sodium provided effective control of rice flatsedge.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- POST application of bispyribac-sodiume1
- Interactor
- rice flatsedgee1weed
- Outcome
- effective control of rice flatsedgee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“POST application of bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam provided effective control of rice flatsedge”
Claim · model-written summary
POST penoxsulam provided effective control of rice flatsedge.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- penoxsulame1
- Interactor
- rice flatsedgee1weed
- Outcome
- effective control of rice flatsedgee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“POST application of bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam provided effective control of rice flatsedge”
Claim · model-written summary
Single pendimethalin PRE application increased grain yield by 149% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin PREe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 149e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Compared to the nontreated control, grain yield following the single application of pendimethalin PRE, pyrazosulfuron PRE, bispyribac-sodium POST, penoxsulam POST, and azimsulfuron POST increased by 149, 119, 138, 124, and 144%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Single pyrazosulfuron PRE application increased grain yield by 119% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron PREe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 119e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Compared to the nontreated control, grain yield following the single application of pendimethalin PRE, pyrazosulfuron PRE, bispyribac-sodium POST, penoxsulam POST, and azimsulfuron POST increased by 149, 119, 138, 124, and 144%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Single bispyribac-sodium POST application increased grain yield by 138% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- bispyribac-sodium POSTe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 138e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Compared to the nontreated control, grain yield following the single application of pendimethalin PRE, pyrazosulfuron PRE, bispyribac-sodium POST, penoxsulam POST, and azimsulfuron POST increased by 149, 119, 138, 124, and 144%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Single penoxsulam POST application increased grain yield by 124% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam POSTe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 124e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Compared to the nontreated control, grain yield following the single application of pendimethalin PRE, pyrazosulfuron PRE, bispyribac-sodium POST, penoxsulam POST, and azimsulfuron POST increased by 149, 119, 138, 124, and 144%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Single azimsulfuron POST application increased grain yield by 144% compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- azimsulfuron POSTe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 144e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“Compared to the nontreated control, grain yield following the single application of pendimethalin PRE, pyrazosulfuron PRE, bispyribac-sodium POST, penoxsulam POST, and azimsulfuron POST increased by 149, 119, 138, 124, and 144%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential herbicide application proved better than single applications.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- sequential application of herbicidese1
- Outcome
- proved bettere1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- single applicationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“The sequential application of herbicides proved better than single applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pendimethalin PRE followed by azimsulfuron POST gave the lowest weed biomass.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- sequential application of pendimethalin PRE followed by azimsulfuron POSTe1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“The lowest weed biomass was observed with the sequential application of pendimethalin PRE followed by azimsulfuron POST”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yielded 228% more than the nontreated control following sequential pendimethalin PRE and azimsulfuron POST.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- sequential application of pendimethalin PRE followed by azimsulfuron POSTe1
- Outcome
- yieldede2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 228%e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-seeded fine rice cv. ‘Punjab Mehak 1’”
e1“The lowest weed biomass was observed with the sequential application of pendimethalin PRE followed by azimsulfuron POST”
e2“rice yielded 228% more than the nontreated control following this treatment”
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See all 80 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.