Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the major nutritional disorders that affect soybean production. This study aimed to better understand the adaptive responses and gene characterization in Fe-deficient soybean. The experiment was conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency. In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation, which was accompanied by the reductions in chlorophyll score, Fv/Fm (quantum yield efficiency of PSII), Pi_ABS (photosynthetic performance index) as well as an increase in electrolyte leakage and cell death. This is in accordance with the lower Fe status in the root and shoot of Fe-deficient plants. Further, the expression of GmIRT1 (Fe-regulated transporter) was significantly induced, while the members of NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins) transporters were either downregulated (GmNRAMP2a, GmNRAMP2b, GmNRAMP5a, GmNRAMP7) or constitutively expressed (GmNRAMP5b, GmNRAMP6a, GmNRAMP6b) in roots of Fe-deficient soybean relative to controls. Furthermore, the activity of Fe-chelate reductase and the expression of GmFRO2 (ferric reductase oxidase) in roots of Fe-deficient soybean were both significantly reduced, indicating the impairment of the ability of soybean plants to maintain Fe availability in the rhizosphere. However, plants showed a decrease in rhizospheric pH and upregulation of GmATPase4 in roots, indicating that rhizosphere acidification is one of the adaptive approaches that soybean plants possess in response to Fe-deficiency. In bioinformatics analysis, soybean Fe-uptake genes showed partnership with Arabidopsis FRO2, FRU, NRAMP1, bHLH38, and bHLH39 genes. In addition, Fe-starved plants demonstrated elevated H2O2 and O2•– in roots which were consistent with the inefficient oxidative defense of antioxidant enzymes. These findings could aid in the development of Fe-efficient soybean by breeding or genome editing techniques.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation in soybean, compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiencye1
- Outcome
- root and shoot morphological retardatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
- Setting
- soil pote1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency reduced chlorophyll score, Fv/Fm and Pi_ABS in soybean, compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiencye1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll score, Fv/Fm (quantum yield efficiency of PSII), Pi_ABS (photosynthetic performance index)e2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
e2“the reductions in chlorophyll score, Fv/Fm (quantum yield efficiency of PSII), Pi_ABS (photosynthetic performance index)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency increased electrolyte leakage and cell death in soybean, compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiencye1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage and cell deathe3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
e3“an increase in electrolyte leakage and cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-deficient soybean plants had a lower Fe status in root and shoot, compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote4
- Treatment
- Fe-deficient plantse4
- Outcome
- Fe statuse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
e4“the lower Fe status in the root and shoot of Fe-deficient plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency significantly induced GmIRT1 expression in soybean roots relative to controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Fe-deficiente3
- Gene
- GmIRT1e5
- Outcome
- expressione5
- Direction
- inducede5
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e3“in roots of Fe-deficient soybean relative to controls”
e5“the expression of GmIRT1 (Fe-regulated transporter) was significantly induced”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-deficient soybean roots showed downregulation of GmNRAMP2a, GmNRAMP2b, GmNRAMP5a and GmNRAMP7 relative to controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Fe-deficiente3
- Gene
- GmNRAMP2a, GmNRAMP2b, GmNRAMP5a, GmNRAMP7e4
- Outcome
- members of NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins) transporterse4
- Direction
- downregulatede4
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e3“in roots of Fe-deficient soybean relative to controls”
e4“the members of NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins) transporters were either downregulated (GmNRAMP2a, GmNRAMP2b, GmNRAMP5a, GmNRAMP7)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-deficient soybean roots showed constitutive expression of GmNRAMP5b, GmNRAMP6a and GmNRAMP6b, with no change relative to controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- Fe-deficiente5
- Gene
- GmNRAMP5b, GmNRAMP6a, GmNRAMP6be5
- Outcome
- constitutively expressede5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e5“or constitutively expressed (GmNRAMP5b, GmNRAMP6a, GmNRAMP6b) in roots of Fe-deficient soybean relative to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-deficient soybean roots had significantly reduced Fe-chelate reductase activity and GmFRO2 expression relative to controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse6
- Treatment
- Fe-deficiente3
- Gene
- GmFRO2e6
- Outcome
- the activity of Fe-chelate reductase and the expression of GmFRO2e6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e3“in roots of Fe-deficient soybean relative to controls”
e6“the activity of Fe-chelate reductase and the expression of GmFRO2 (ferric reductase oxidase) in roots of Fe-deficient soybean were both significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency decreased rhizospheric pH in soybean, compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiencye1
- Outcome
- rhizospheric pHe7
- Direction
- decreasee7
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
e7“a decrease in rhizospheric pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency upregulated GmATPase4 in soybean roots, compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiencye1
- Gene
- GmATPase4e2
- Outcome
- GmATPase4e2
- Direction
- upregulatione2
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
e2“upregulation of GmATPase4 in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean Fe-uptake genes showed partnership with Arabidopsis FRO2, FRU, NRAMP1, bHLH38 and bHLH39 genes in bioinformatics analysis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- Arabidopsis FRO2, FRU, NRAMP1, bHLH38, and bHLH39e2
- Outcome
- partnershipe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e2“soybean Fe-uptake genes showed partnership with Arabidopsis FRO2, FRU, NRAMP1, bHLH38, and bHLH39 genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-starved soybean roots had elevated H2O2 and O2•– compared with Fe sufficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- Fe-starved plantse2
- Outcome
- H2O2 and O2•–e2
- Direction
- elevatede2
- Comparator
- Fe sufficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e1“conducted on 14-day-old soybean plants in a soil pot under Fe sufficiency and bicarbonate-induced Fe deficiency”
e2“Fe-starved plants demonstrated elevated H2O2 and O2•– in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The elevated H2O2 and O2•– in Fe-starved soybean roots are consistent with an inefficient oxidative defense of antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fe-starved plantse2
- Outcome
- H2O2 and O2•–e2
- Qualifier
- inefficient oxidative defense of antioxidant enzymese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e2“Fe-starved plants demonstrated elevated H2O2 and O2•– in roots”
e3“which were consistent with the inefficient oxidative defense of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere acidification is one of the adaptive approaches soybean plants use in response to Fe deficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fe-deficiencye2
- Outcome
- adaptive approachese2
- Qualifier
- rhizosphere acidificatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e2“rhizosphere acidification is one of the adaptive approaches that soybean plants possess in response to Fe-deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The findings could aid development of Fe-efficient soybean by breeding or genome editing.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- development of Fe-efficient soybean by breeding or genome editinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, Fe deficiency caused severe root and shoot morphological retardation”
e2“These findings could aid in the development of Fe-efficient soybean by breeding or genome editing techniques”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · soil: chemistry · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- positive
iron atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- no effect
- negative
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.