Abstract
Legumes are important drivers of soil fertility, however, their frequent use in rotations fosters long-lived soil-borne pathogens that can seriously compromise legume root health and nitrogen fixation. To overcome this, the current study aims at improving the general soil suppressiveness toward pests and diseases by agroecosystem management that can be predicted by nematode-based bioindicators. Two long-term organically managed agroecosystems comparing plow and shallow non-inversion tillage were analyzed for free-living nematode communities. Soils out of these agroecosystems were evaluated further in a greenhouse assay for their ability to suppress pea root rot caused by Didymella pinodella, Fusarium avenaceum , and F. redolens . There was a general trend for higher levels of pea root rot disease severity following inoculations with single pathogens, however, this effect was heterogeneous among experiments and tillage systems. This was mainly due to an already very high resident population of D. pinodella in soil and the presence of seed-borne F. oxysporum determined by their high incidence in pea roots irrespective of the soil and inoculated pathogens. Additional inoculation with D. pinodella , for example, resulted in only 8.5% biomass reduction compared to the non-inoculated control, in both tillage systems. Similar biomass losses were recorded in non-inversion tilled soils inoculated with F. redolens . When analyzed across inoculation treatments, the pea root rot disease severity was only slightly reduced in non-inversion tilled soils when compared to the plough systems (11% in Exp 1 and, 9% in Exp 2), however in both experiments non-inversion tillage resulted in greater pea biomass (33 and 19% in Exp1 and 2, respectively). Furthermore, the metabolic, enrichment, and bacterivore carbon footprints of nematodes were 88, 81, and 97% higher, respectively, in the non-inversion tilled soils compared to the plough. The metabolic carbon footprint of nematodes correlated negatively with pea root rot disease severity (rho = −0.71, p = 0.047). Hence, non-inversion tillage was effective in controlling pea root rot. The use of nematode metabolic footprints for predicting soil health should be extended for various agroecosystems aiming for its general use in evaluating effects of agroecosystem management through researchers and potentially farm management advisors.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Single-pathogen inoculations tended to increase pea root rot severity, with variable effects.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- inoculations with single pathogense0
- Outcome
- pea root rot disease severitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- heterogeneous among experiments and tillage systemse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a general trend for higher levels of pea root rot disease severity following inoculations with single pathogens, however, this effect was heterogeneous among experiments and tillage systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
D. pinodella had high incidence in pea roots regardless of treatment.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- D. pinodellaDidymella pinodellae0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence in pea rootse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of the soil and inoculated pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was mainly due to an already very high resident population of D. pinodella in soil and the presence of seed-borne F. oxysporum determined by their high incidence in pea roots irrespective of the soil and inoculated pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum had high incidence in pea roots regardless of treatment.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- incidence in pea rootse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of the soil and inoculated pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the presence of seed-borne F. oxysporum determined by their high incidence in pea roots irrespective of the soil and inoculated pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
D. pinodella inoculation reduced pea biomass by 8.5% in both tillage systems.
- Taxon
- PeasLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with D. pinodellae0
- Interactor
- D. pinodellaDidymella pinodellae0pathogen
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 8.5%e0
- Qualifier
- both tillage systemse0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional inoculation with D. pinodella , for example, resulted in only 8.5% biomass reduction compared to the non-inoculated control, in both tillage systems.”
t0“Peas”
Claim · model-written summary
F. redolens inoculation caused similar pea biomass losses in non-inversion tilled soil.
- Taxon
- PeasLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- inoculated with F. redolense0
- Interactor
- F. redolensFusarium redolense0pathogen
- Outcome
- biomass lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Qualifier
- non-inversion tilled soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar biomass losses were recorded in non-inversion tilled soils inoculated with F. redolens .”
t0“Peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage reduced pea root rot severity by 11% in experiment 1.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tilled soilse0
- Outcome
- pea root rot disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- Exp 1e0
- Comparator
- plough systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pea root rot disease severity was only slightly reduced in non-inversion tilled soils when compared to the plough systems (11% in Exp 1 and, 9% in Exp 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage reduced pea root rot severity by 9% in experiment 2.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tilled soilse0
- Outcome
- pea root rot disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- Exp 2e0
- Comparator
- plough systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pea root rot disease severity was only slightly reduced in non-inversion tilled soils when compared to the plough systems (11% in Exp 1 and, 9% in Exp 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage raised pea biomass by 33% in experiment 1.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tillagee0
- Outcome
- pea biomasse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 33e0
- Qualifier
- Exp1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in both experiments non-inversion tillage resulted in greater pea biomass (33 and 19% in Exp1 and 2, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage raised pea biomass by 19% in experiment 2.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tillagee0
- Outcome
- pea biomasse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in both experiments non-inversion tillage resulted in greater pea biomass (33 and 19% in Exp1 and 2, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage increased nematode metabolic relative to plough.
- Taxon
- PeasLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tilled soilse0
- Outcome
- carbon footprints of nematodese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 88e0
- Qualifier
- metabolice0
- Comparator
- the ploughe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the metabolic, enrichment, and bacterivore carbon footprints of nematodes were 88, 81, and 97% higher, respectively, in the non-inversion tilled soils compared to the plough.”
t0“Peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage increased nematode enrichment relative to plough.
- Taxon
- PeasLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tilled soilse0
- Outcome
- carbon footprints of nematodese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 81e0
- Qualifier
- enrichmente0
- Comparator
- the ploughe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the metabolic, enrichment, and bacterivore carbon footprints of nematodes were 88, 81, and 97% higher, respectively, in the non-inversion tilled soils compared to the plough.”
t0“Peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inversion tillage increased nematode bacterivore relative to plough.
- Taxon
- PeasLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tilled soilse0
- Outcome
- bacterivore carbon footprints of nematodese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Qualifier
- bacterivoree0
- Comparator
- the ploughe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the metabolic, enrichment, and bacterivore carbon footprints of nematodes were 88, 81, and 97% higher, respectively, in the non-inversion tilled soils compared to the plough.”
t0“Peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode metabolic carbon footprint was negatively correlated with pea root rot severity.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- pea root rot disease severitye0
- Direction
- negativelye0
- Value
- rho = −0.71e0
- Qualifier
- p = 0.047e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The metabolic carbon footprint of nematodes correlated negatively with pea root rot disease severity (rho = −0.71, p = 0.047).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged non-inversion tillage effective for controlling pea root rot.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- non-inversion tillagee0
- Outcome
- controlling pea root rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“non-inversion tillage was effective in controlling pea root rot.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended broader evaluation of nematode metabolic footprints for soil-health prediction.
- Taxon
- PeasLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- The use of nematode metabolic footprints for predicting soil health should be extendede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of nematode metabolic footprints for predicting soil health should be extended for various agroecosystems aiming for its general use in evaluating effects of agroecosystem management through researchers and potentially farm management advisors.”
t0“Peas”
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