Abstract
1. Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars) were measured with a multipurpose recording spectrophotometer (Model: MPS-50L, Shimadzu) using the opal glass transmission method, for distinction and classification of a wide variety of flower colors.The in vivo maxima of anthocyanin absorption were in the range of 530-560nm, carotenoids 420-490nm, and flavonols 350-370nm.2. Four patterns of absorption spectra in the visible range were observed. Group (1): Only one absorption maximum due to flavonols is observed in the range of ca. 350-370nm. The flower color of this pattern is white, and only 8 out of 68 cultivars were of this type. Group (2): Two maxima were observed, that is, one in the range of ca. 350-370nm as in group (1) and the other in the range of ca. 540-560nm which is the maximum of anthocyanin pigments. Twenty-six cultivars belonged to this group and their colors were pink or red-purple. Group (3): Absorption curves of this pattern showed the three characteristic peaks of carotenoid pigments in the range of 420-490nm. Fourteen yellow cultivars were found to belong to this group. Group (4): This pattern show the combined absorption of flavonols as in group (1), anthocyanins as in group (2), and carotenoids as in group (3). Twenty cultivars belonged to this group and their colors varied from orange to red.3. The flower color was deeper yellow or deeper pink (red-purple), as the optical density at the λmax of carotenoids or anthocyanins was high. In the group (4), flower color varied from orange to red depending on the relative ratio of the optical density of carotenoids and anthocyanins.4. In the absorption spectra of all flowers containing carotenoides, these pigments showed λmax almost at the same wave-length, but anthocyanins had different λmax depending on flower color. The λmax due to anthocyanins of red flowers were detected at shorter wave-lengths, while that of orange and pink flowers at longer wave-lengths, and that of red-purple flowers in the region between them.The λmax of anthocyanins, in general, shifted to longer wave-lengths with the decrease of their optical density. This may suggest the participation of co-pigmentation by flavonols in the flower color variation.Consequently, by measuring the absorption spectra of intact petals, the main pigments related to flower color can be identified both qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Only 8 of 68 Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars had one flavonol absorption maximum and white flowers.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifolium
Chrysanthemum ×morifoliume1 - Outcome
- one absorption maximum due to flavonolse2
- Value
- 8 out of 68 cultivarse2
- Qualifier
- whitee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e2“Group (1): Only one absorption maximum due to flavonols is observed in the range of ca. 350-370nm. The flower color of this pattern is white, and only 8 out of 68 cultivars were of this type”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-six cultivars with two absorption maxima, one for flavonols and one for anthocyanins, had pink or red-purple flowers.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Outcome
- two maximae3
- Value
- Twenty-six cultivarse3
- Qualifier
- pink or red-purplee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e3“Two maxima were observed, that is, one in the range of ca. 350-370nm as in group (1) and the other in the range of ca. 540-560nm which is the maximum of anthocyanin pigments. Twenty-six cultivars belonged to this group and their colors were pink or red-purple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen yellow cultivars showed three carotenoid absorption peaks at 420-490nm.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Outcome
- three characteristic peaks of carotenoid pigmentse4
- Value
- Fourteen yellow cultivarse4
- Qualifier
- 420-490nme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e4“Absorption curves of this pattern showed the three characteristic peaks of carotenoid pigments in the range of 420-490nm. Fourteen yellow cultivars were found to belong to this group”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty cultivars combining flavonol, anthocyanin and carotenoid absorption had orange to red flowers.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Outcome
- combined absorptione5
- Value
- Twenty cultivarse5
- Qualifier
- orange to rede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e5“Group (4): This pattern show the combined absorption of flavonols as in group (1), anthocyanins as in group (2), and carotenoids as in group (3). Twenty cultivars belonged to this group and their colors varied from orange to red”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower color was deeper yellow or deeper pink as the optical density at the λmax of carotenoids or anthocyanins was higher.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Compound
- carotenoids or anthocyaninse6
- Outcome
- flower colore6
- Direction
- deepere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e6“The flower color was deeper yellow or deeper pink (red-purple), as the optical density at the λmax of carotenoids or anthocyanins was high”
Claim · model-written summary
In orange-to-red flowers, flower color varied with the relative optical density of carotenoids and anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Compound
- carotenoids and anthocyaninse7
- Outcome
- flower colore7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e7“flower color varied from orange to red depending on the relative ratio of the optical density of carotenoids and anthocyanins”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin λmax of red flowers was at shorter wavelengths than that of orange and pink flowers.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Compound
- anthocyaninse3
- Outcome
- λmax due to anthocyaninse3
- Direction
- shortere3
- Comparator
- orange and pink flowerse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e3“The λmax due to anthocyanins of red flowers were detected at shorter wave-lengths, while that of orange and pink flowers at longer wave-lengths”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin λmax shifted to longer wavelengths as their optical density decreased.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Compound
- anthocyaninse4
- Outcome
- λmax of anthocyaninse4
- Direction
- shifted to longere4
- Qualifier
- decrease of their optical densitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e4“The λmax of anthocyanins, in general, shifted to longer wave-lengths with the decrease of their optical density”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-pigmentation by flavonols may contribute to flower color variation.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Compound
- flavonolse5
- Outcome
- flower color variatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e5“This may suggest the participation of co-pigmentation by flavonols in the flower color variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Absorption spectra of intact petals identify the main flower-color pigments both qualitatively and quantitatively.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume1
- Outcome
- main pigments related to flower colore6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Absorption curves of fresh, intact petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium (68 cultivars)”
e6“by measuring the absorption spectra of intact petals, the main pigments related to flower color can be identified both qualitatively and quantitatively”