Abstract
The effects of zinc on growth, mineral content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and detoxifying enzyme activity (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), EC 1.11.1.11; superoxide dismutase (SOD), EC 1.15.1.1) of ryegrass infected or not by Acremonium lolii , and treated with nutrient solution containing 0–50 mM ZnSO 4 were studied. The introduction of zinc induces stress with a decrease in growth at 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO 4 and a cessation of growth at 50 mM ZnSO 4 , in ryegrass plants infected by A . lolii or not. This decrease in growth may be due to an accumulation of zinc in leaves. Nevertheless, symbiotic plants showed higher values in tiller number, an advantage conferred by the fungus. After 24 d of Zn exposure, leaf fresh weights and leaf water content were lower in plants growing with Zn in the culture medium and no advantage was conferred by the fungus to its host. An increase in Zn supply resulted in a decrease of the Ca, K, Mg, and Cu content of the leaves, a reduction in the quantum yield of electron flow throughout photosystem II (Δ F / \(\mathit{F}_{\mathrm{m}}^{{^\prime}}\) and a lowering of the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion ( Fv / Fm ), compared to control plants. To counter this zinc stress, detoxifying enzymes APX and SOD increased (100%) when Zn reached the value of 50 mM in the nutrient solution. At 10 mM ZnSO 4 , the presence of the fungus in the plant led to an increase in the threshold toxicity of plants to zinc by a diminution of APX activity.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc reduced ryegrass growth at 1, 5, and 10 mM.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“decrease in growth at 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc stopped ryegrass growth at 50 mM.
LoliumNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cessation of growth at 50 mM ZnSO 4 , in ryegrass plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiotic ryegrass had more tillers.
- Interactor
- Acremonium lolii
Epichloe festucae var. loliit1symbiont - Outcome
- tiller numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“symbiotic plants showed higher values in tiller number, an advantage conferred by the fungus”
t0“ryegrass”
t1“Acremonium lolii”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc lowered leaf fresh weight after 24 days.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“After 24 d of Zn exposure, leaf fresh weights and leaf water content were lower in plants growing with Zn in the culture medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc lowered leaf water content after 24 days.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“After 24 d of Zn exposure, leaf fresh weights and leaf water content were lower in plants growing with Zn in the culture medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc lowered leaf calcium, potassium, magnesium and copper content.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“An increase in Zn supply resulted in a decrease of the Ca, K, Mg, and Cu content of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc reduced photosystem II electron flow quantum yield.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in the quantum yield of electron flow throughout photosystem II”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc lowered photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“a lowering of the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion”
Claim · model-written summary
APX activity increased at 50 mM zinc.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“detoxifying enzymes APX and SOD increased (100%) when Zn reached the value of 50 mM”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity increased at 50 mM zinc.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“detoxifying enzymes APX and SOD increased (100%) when Zn reached the value of 50 mM”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal presence reduced APX activity at 10 mM zinc.
- Treatment
- presence of the funguse0
- Interactor
- Acremonium loliiEpichloe festucae var. loliit1symbiont
- Outcome
- APX activitye0
- Direction
- diminutione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 10 mM ZnSO 4 , the presence of the fungus in the plant led to an increase in the threshold toxicity of plants to zinc by a diminution of APX activity”
t0“ryegrass”
t1“Acremonium lolii”
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