Abstract
The effects of zinc on growth, mineral content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and detoxifying enzyme activity (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), EC 1.11.1.11; superoxide dismutase (SOD), EC 1.15.1.1) of ryegrass infected or not by Acremonium lolii, and treated with nutrient solution containing 0-50 mM ZnSO(4) were studied. The introduction of zinc induces stress with a decrease in growth at 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO(4) and a cessation of growth at 50 mM ZnSO(4), in ryegrass plants infected by A. lolii or not. This decrease in growth may be due to an accumulation of zinc in leaves. Nevertheless, symbiotic plants showed higher values in tiller number, an advantage conferred by the fungus. After 24 d of Zn exposure, leaf fresh weights and leaf water content were lower in plants growing with Zn in the culture medium and no advantage was conferred by the fungus to its host. An increase in Zn supply resulted in a decrease of the Ca, K, Mg, and Cu content of the leaves, a reduction in the quantum yield of electron flow throughout photosystem II (DeltaF/F(1)(m))and a lowering of the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion (F(v)/F(m)), compared to control plants. To counter this zinc stress, detoxifying enzymes APX and SOD increased (100%) when Zn reached the value of 50 mM in the nutrient solution. At 10 mM ZnSO(4), the presence of the fungus in the plant led to an increase in the threshold toxicity of plants to zinc by a diminution of APX activity.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc decreased ryegrass growth at 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO(4).
- Treatment
- 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO(4)e0
- Interactor
- Acremonium lolii
Epichloe festucae var. loliit0symbiont - Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
LoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The introduction of zinc induces stress with a decrease in growth at 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO(4)”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ryegrass growth ceased at 50 mM ZnSO(4).
- Treatment
- 50 mM ZnSO(4)e0
- Interactor
- Acremonium loliiEpichloe festucae var. loliit0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- cessatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a cessation of growth at 50 mM ZnSO(4)”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc accumulation in leaves may explain reduced growth.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Compound
- zince0
- Outcome
- decrease in growthe0
- Qualifier
- may be due to an accumulation of zinc in leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This decrease in growth may be due to an accumulation of zinc in leaves.”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiotic ryegrass had more tillers.
- Interactor
- Acremonium loliiEpichloe festucae var. loliit0symbiont
- Outcome
- tiller numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“symbiotic plants showed higher values in tiller number, an advantage conferred by the fungus.”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
After 24 days, zinc lowered leaf fresh weight and water content.
- Treatment
- Zn in the culture mediume0
- Outcome
- leaf fresh weights and leaf water contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- After 24 d of Zn exposuree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 24 d of Zn exposure, leaf fresh weights and leaf water content were lower in plants growing with Zn in the culture medium”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus conferred no advantage to zinc-exposed ryegrass after 24 days.
- Interactor
- Acremonium loliiEpichloe festucae var. loliit0symbiont
- Outcome
- no advantagee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no advantage was conferred by the fungus to its host.”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc lowered leaf Ca, K, Mg and Cu content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in Zn supply resulted in a decrease of the Ca, K, Mg, and Cu content of the leaves”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc reduced photosystem II electron flow quantum yield.
- Treatment
- zinct0
- Outcome
- quantum yield of electron flow throughout photosystem II (DeltaF/F(1)(m))e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in the quantum yield of electron flow throughout photosystem II (DeltaF/F(1)(m))”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc lowered photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency.
- Treatment
- zinct0
- Outcome
- efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion (F(v)/F(m))e0
- Direction
- loweringe0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lowering of the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion (F(v)/F(m)), compared to control plants.”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
APX and SOD activity increased 100% at 50 mM zinc.
- Treatment
- 50 mMe0
- Gene
- APX and SODe0
- Outcome
- detoxifying enzymes APX and SODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“detoxifying enzymes APX and SOD increased (100%) when Zn reached the value of 50 mM in the nutrient solution.”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 mM ZnSO(4), the fungus reduced APX activity and raised zinc-toxicity threshold.
- Interactor
- Acremonium loliiEpichloe festucae var. loliit0symbiont
- Gene
- APXe0
- Outcome
- threshold toxicity of plants to zince0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- diminution of APX activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 10 mM ZnSO(4), the presence of the fungus in the plant led to an increase in the threshold toxicity of plants to zinc by a diminution of APX activity.”
t0“Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo)”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
- positive
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1 paper more in this group
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
zinc atom · physiology: water · LoliumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.