Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis, the process in which embryos, similar in morphology to their zygotic counterparts, are induced to develop in culture from somatic cells, is a suitable model system for investigating the regulation of embryo development. Through this process, a large number of embryos at defined stages of development can easily be obtained. Somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce is comprised of a sequence of steps including initiation, proliferation, early embryo formation, embryo maturation, desiccation and germination. To execute this pathway, a number of critical physical and chemical treatments should be applied with proper timing. Embryogenic cell lines of Norway spruce are initiated from zygotic embryos. The cell lines proliferate as proembryogenic masses (PEMs) in the presence of auxin and cytokinin. Early somatic embryos develop from PEMs after withdrawal of auxin and cytokinin. PEM to somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos. The embryos develop further, to a stage corresponding to late embryogeny, in the presence of abscisic acid. Some cell lines deviate from normal pattern formation exhibiting developmental arrest at certain stages. These arrested cell lines, together with transgenic lines, are valuable tools for studying embryo development. Particle bombardment is routinely used to produce transgenic plants of Norway spruce.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis proceeds through initiation, proliferation, early embryo formation, maturation, desiccation and germination.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce
Picea abiese0 - Outcome
- initiation, proliferation, early embryo formation, embryo maturation, desiccation and germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce is comprised of a sequence of steps including initiation, proliferation, early embryo formation, embryo maturation, desiccation and germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Norway spruce embryogenic lines are initiated from zygotic embryos.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese0
- Organ / stage
- zygotic embryose0
- Outcome
- Embryogenic cell linese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Embryogenic cell lines of Norway spruce are initiated from zygotic embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Norway spruce cell lines proliferate as PEMs with auxin and cytokinin.
PiceaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cell lines proliferate as proembryogenic masses (PEMs) in the presence of auxin and cytokinin”
t0“Spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Early somatic embryos develop from PEMs after auxin and cytokinin withdrawal.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early somatic embryos develop from PEMs after withdrawal of auxin and cytokinin”
t0“Spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
The PEM-to-embryo transition determines mature embryo yield and quality.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEM to somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos”
t0“Spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Embryos develop to late embryogeny in the presence of abscisic acid.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The embryos develop further, to a stage corresponding to late embryogeny, in the presence of abscisic acid”
t0“Spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Some spruce cell lines have developmental arrest at certain stages.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some cell lines deviate from normal pattern formation exhibiting developmental arrest at certain stages”
t0“Spruce”