Abstract
& Kunth Zinnia elegans von Jacquin, Zinnia haageana Regel, Zinnia peruviana L., or hybrids of Z. angustifolia x Z. elegans, were transplanted from 0.55-L cell packs and grown in replicated landscape trials to determine growth, flowering responses, and susceptibility to Erysiphe cichoracearum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae infestation during the heat of a Central Texas summer. Zinnia elegans, Z. haageana, and Z. pauciflora exhibited more rapid early season growth and flowering propensity. Zinnia haageana, and especially Z. pauciflora, tended to be more spindly in appearance compared to the other species. A large proportion of the Zinnia elegans cultivars were infected with powdery mildew by June, while infestation with bacterial leaf spot began to occur earlier in the growing season and varied more widely in prevalence among the Z. elegans cultivars. Zinnia angustifolia was nearly immune to powdery mildew and only rarely showed symptoms of bacterial leaf blight infestation. Zinnia angustifolia also had greater flower numbers during the heat of summer than most Z. elegans taxa. While the hybrid cultivars Profusion Cherry and Profusion Orange exhibited much of the disease resistance of their Z. angustifolia parent, aesthetic limitations rather than disease or intolerance to heat were a concern. 'Profusion Orange' had a rather irregular growth form. 'Profusion Cherry' exhibited serious fading of the flower color by early summer. By September only the Z. angustifolia and Z. elegans x Z. angustifolia hybrid cultivars were alive. Zinnia elegans cultivars tested in this study were not suitable for use as season-long summer annuals in Central Texas due to disease and/or heat intolerance. Zinnia angustifolia cultivars appeared to perform most reliably of the species tested, but they did not grow as quickly as the Z. elegans seedlings early in the growing season. Zinnia pauciflora and Z. haageana cultivars were more disease resistant than those of Z. elegans, but had small flowers and generally less compact growth habits than the other species tested.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Z. elegans, Z. haageana and Z. pauciflora had faster early growth and flowering.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia elegans, Z. haageana, and Z. pauciflora exhibited more rapid early season growth and flowering propensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. haageana and especially Z. pauciflora were more spindly.
- Taxon
- Zinnia haageana
Zinnia haageanae0 - Material
- Z. pauciflorae0
- Outcome
- spindly in appearancee0
- Direction
- more spindlye0
- Comparator
- the other speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia haageana, and especially Z. pauciflora, tended to be more spindly in appearance compared to the other species”
Claim · model-written summary
Many Z. elegans cultivars had powdery mildew by June.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegans
Zinnia eleganse0 - Outcome
- infected with powdery mildewe0
- Qualifier
- by Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A large proportion of the Zinnia elegans cultivars were infected with powdery mildew by June”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial leaf spot in Z. elegans began earlier and varied across cultivars.
- Taxon
- Z. elegansZinnia eleganse0
- Outcome
- prevalencee0
- Direction
- varied more widelye0
- Qualifier
- earlier in the growing seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infestation with bacterial leaf spot began to occur earlier in the growing season and varied more widely in prevalence among the Z. elegans cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. angustifolia was nearly immune to powdery mildew.
- Taxon
- Zinnia angustifolia
Zinnia angustifoliae0 - Outcome
- nearly immune to powdery mildewe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia angustifolia was nearly immune to powdery mildew”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. angustifolia rarely showed bacterial leaf blight symptoms.
- Taxon
- Zinnia angustifoliaZinnia angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- symptoms of bacterial leaf blight infestatione0
- Direction
- only rarelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia angustifolia was nearly immune to powdery mildew and only rarely showed symptoms of bacterial leaf blight infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. angustifolia had more summer flowers than most Z. elegans taxa.
- Taxon
- Zinnia angustifoliaZinnia angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- flower numberse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- most Z. elegans taxae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia angustifolia also had greater flower numbers during the heat of summer than most Z. elegans taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Profusion Cherry and Profusion Orange retained much of their Z. angustifolia parent’s disease resistance.
- Taxon
- Z. angustifoliaZinnia angustifoliae0
- Material
- Profusion Cherry and Profusion Orangee0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the hybrid cultivars Profusion Cherry and Profusion Orange exhibited much of the disease resistance of their Z. angustifolia parent”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Z. angustifolia and its hybrids with Z. elegans survived to September.
- Taxon
- Z. angustifoliaZinnia angustifoliae0
- Material
- Z. elegans x Z. angustifolia hybrid cultivarse0
- Outcome
- were alivee0
- Qualifier
- By Septembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By September only the Z. angustifolia and Z. elegans x Z. angustifolia hybrid cultivars were alive”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. elegans cultivars were unsuitable as season-long summer annuals in Central Texas.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0
- Outcome
- not suitable for use as season-long summer annualse0
- Setting
- Central Texase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia elegans cultivars tested in this study were not suitable for use as season-long summer annuals in Central Texas due to disease and/or heat intolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. angustifolia cultivars performed most reliably among tested species.
- Taxon
- Zinnia angustifoliaZinnia angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- perform most reliablye0
- Direction
- most reliablye0
- Comparator
- species testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia angustifolia cultivars appeared to perform most reliably of the species tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. pauciflora and Z. haageana were more disease resistant than Z. elegans.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia pauciflora and Z. haageana cultivars were more disease resistant than those of Z. elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. pauciflora and Z. haageana had small flowers and less compact growth.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia pauciflora and Z. haageana cultivars were more disease resistant than those of Z. elegans, but had small flowers and generally less compact growth habits than the other species tested”