Abstract
To clarify the environmental fate of the Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Bt) contained in transgenic rice plant stubble after harvest, degradation was monitored under field conditions using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In stalks, Cry1Ac protein concentration decreased rapidly to 50% of the initial amount during the first month after harvest; subsequently, the degradation decreased gradually reaching 21.3% when the experiment was terminated after 7 mo. A similar degradation pattern of the Cry1Ac protein was observed in rice roots. However, when the temperature increased in April of the following spring, protein degradation resumed, and no protein could be detected by the end of the experiment. In addition, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the persistence of Cry1Ac protein released from rice tissue in water and paddy soil. The protein released from leaves degraded rapidly in paddy soil under flooded conditions during the first 20 d and plateaued until the termination of this trial at 135 d, when 15.3% of the initial amount was still detectable. In water, the Cry1Ac protein degraded more slowly than in soil but never entered a relatively stable phase as in soil. The degradation rate of Cry1Ac protein was significantly faster in nonsterile water than in sterile water. These results indicate that the soil environment can increase the degradation of Bt protein contained in plant residues. Therefore, plowing a field immediately after harvest could be an effective method for decreasing the persistence of Bt protein in transgenic rice fields.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cry1Ac protein concentration in rice stalks fell rapidly to 50% of the initial amount in the first month after harvest.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- stalkse1
- Outcome
- Cry1Ac protein concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 50% of the initial amounte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“In stalks, Cry1Ac protein concentration decreased rapidly to 50% of the initial amount during the first month after harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Cry1Ac degradation slowed gradually and reached 21.3% of the initial protein when the experiment ended after 7 months.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- degradatione1
- Direction
- decreased graduallye1
- Value
- 21.3%e1
- Qualifier
- when the experiment was terminated after 7 moe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“subsequently, the degradation decreased gradually reaching 21.3% when the experiment was terminated after 7 mo”
Claim · model-written summary
A similar Cry1Ac degradation pattern was observed in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- degradation pattern of the Cry1Ac proteine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A similar degradation pattern of the Cry1Ac protein was observed in rice roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Cry1Ac protein degradation resumed when the temperature rose in April of the following spring.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- protein degradatione1
- Direction
- resumede1
- Setting
- April of the following springe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“when the temperature increased in April of the following spring, protein degradation resumed, and no protein could be detected by the end of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
No Cry1Ac protein could be detected by the end of the field experiment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- protein could be detectede1
- Qualifier
- by the end of the experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“when the temperature increased in April of the following spring, protein degradation resumed, and no protein could be detected by the end of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein released from rice leaves degraded rapidly in flooded paddy soil during the first 20 days.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- protein released from leavese1
- Direction
- degraded rapidlye1
- Qualifier
- during the first 20 de1
- Setting
- paddy soil under flooded conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“The protein released from leaves degraded rapidly in paddy soil under flooded conditions during the first 20 d and plateaued until the termination of this trial at 135 d, when 15.3% of the initial amount was still detectable”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein released from rice leaves plateaued in paddy soil until the end of the 135-day trial.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- protein released from leavese1
- Direction
- plateauede1
- Qualifier
- until the termination of this trial at 135 de1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“The protein released from leaves degraded rapidly in paddy soil under flooded conditions during the first 20 d and plateaued until the termination of this trial at 135 d, when 15.3% of the initial amount was still detectable”
Claim · model-written summary
At 135 days, 15.3% of the initial Cry1Ac amount was still detectable in paddy soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- initial amount was still detectablee1
- Value
- 15.3%e1
- Qualifier
- until the termination of this trial at 135 de1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“The protein released from leaves degraded rapidly in paddy soil under flooded conditions during the first 20 d and plateaued until the termination of this trial at 135 d, when 15.3% of the initial amount was still detectable”
Claim · model-written summary
Cry1Ac protein degraded more slowly in water than in soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Cry1Ac proteine1
- Direction
- more slowlye1
- Comparator
- in soile1
- Setting
- In watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“In water, the Cry1Ac protein degraded more slowly than in soil but never entered a relatively stable phase as in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cry1Ac protein in water never entered a relatively stable phase.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- relatively stable phasee1
- Qualifier
- never enterede1
- Setting
- In watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“In water, the Cry1Ac protein degraded more slowly than in soil but never entered a relatively stable phase as in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cry1Ac degradation was significantly faster in nonsterile water than in sterile water.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nonsterile watere1
- Outcome
- degradation ratee1
- Direction
- fastere1
- Comparator
- sterile watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“The degradation rate of Cry1Ac protein was significantly faster in nonsterile water than in sterile water”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil environment can increase the degradation of Bt protein in plant residues.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- degradation of Bt proteine1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- soil environmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Tissues”
e1“These results indicate that the soil environment can increase the degradation of Bt protein contained in plant residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing a field immediately after harvest could effectively decrease the persistence of Bt protein in transgenic rice fields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plowing a field immediately after harveste1
- Outcome
- decreasing the persistence of Bt proteine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, plowing a field immediately after harvest could be an effective method for decreasing the persistence of Bt protein in transgenic rice fields”