Abstract
This study was carried out on the manganese deficiency of Citrus unshiu in relation to soil and tree conditions, growing on volcanic soils in Kanagawa Pref.Both soil and leaf samples were obtained from 7 orchards located on gravelly clay loam and 34 orchards on volcanic silty clay loam in September of 1956. Field surveys of root distributions were made in September of 1957, in 8 orchards located on volcanic gravelly loam and 16 orchards on volcanic silty clay loam, when both soil and leaf samples were obtained in each orchard. In March of 1963, the fresh weight of feeder roots in a given volume of soil beneath of four trees, two manganese deficient trees and two normal trees, were compared.Hot-HCl soluble manganese content of this area was remarkably lower than those of the other areas in Japan.Manganese deficiency symptoms in leaves were not found in the trees growing on the soils which contained more than 10ppm of exchangeable Mn, more than 150ppm of easily reducible Mn, and more than 50ppm of 3N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate soluble Mn. But both of manganese deficient trees and normal trees were found in the orchard soils which contained less than these critical levels. About 90 per cent of orchards in this survey (50 orchards during 1956 to 1957), however, contained less than above values of each manganese fraction in their soils. These critical values are higher than those obtained with oat or upland rice plants.Soil reactions were relatively acidic in all soils. Soil pH was a little higher in manganese deficient orchards than normal orchards. However, the differences of soil reactions between manganese deficient soils and normal soils varied in significancy year by year.There was a difference between manganese deficient trees and normal trees in the developmental patterns of feeder roots in the surface 0 to 20cm depth of soil. The fresh weight of feeder roots in a given volume of soil was less in the former than the latter. This difference may be due to the soil management system and to the fruiting of trees.Basing on the above results, the mechanism of development of manganese deficiency in citrus trees is discussed.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Hot-HCl soluble manganese content in the area was markedly below that of other Japanese areas.
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hot-HCl soluble manganese content of this area was remarkably lower than those of the other areas in Japan”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
No leaf manganese deficiency symptoms were found above the stated three soil manganese thresholds.
- Outcome
- Manganese deficiency symptoms in leaves were not founde0
- Qualifier
- more than 10ppm of exchangeable Mn, more than 150ppm of easily reducible Mn, and more than 50ppm of 3N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate soluble Mne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manganese deficiency symptoms in leaves were not found in the trees growing on the soils which contained more than 10ppm of exchangeable Mn, more than 150ppm of easily reducible Mn, and more than 50ppm of 3N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate soluble Mn”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Both deficient and normal trees occurred in orchards below those critical soil manganese levels.
- Outcome
- manganese deficient trees and normal trees were founde0
- Qualifier
- less than these critical levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both of manganese deficient trees and normal trees were found in the orchard soils which contained less than these critical levels”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
About 90 percent of surveyed orchards had soil manganese fractions below the stated values.
- Outcome
- orchards in this surveye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 90 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 50 orchards during 1956 to 1957e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“About 90 per cent of orchards in this survey (50 orchards during 1956 to 1957), however, contained less than above values of each manganese fraction in their soils”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical values exceeded those obtained with oat or upland rice plants.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These critical values are higher than those obtained with oat or upland rice plants”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil reactions were relatively acidic across the sampled soils.
- Outcome
- Soil reactions were relatively acidice0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil reactions were relatively acidic in all soils”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was slightly higher in manganese deficient than normal orchards.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil pH was a little higher in manganese deficient orchards than normal orchards”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The significance of soil reaction differences between deficient and normal orchards varied by year.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the differences of soil reactions between manganese deficient soils and normal soils varied in significancy year by year”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeder root developmental patterns in surface soil differed between manganese deficient and normal trees.
- Organ / stage
- feeder rootse0
- Outcome
- developmental patterns of feeder rootse0
- Qualifier
- surface 0 to 20cm depth of soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a difference between manganese deficient trees and normal trees in the developmental patterns of feeder roots in the surface 0 to 20cm depth of soil”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeder root fresh weight per soil volume was lower in manganese deficient than normal trees.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fresh weight of feeder roots in a given volume of soil was less in the former than the latter”
t0“Citrus”