Abstract
The western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles) is a threatened species of the tallgrass prairie. Invasion by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a serious threat to western prairie fringed orchid habitat. The objectives of this study were to develop a herbicide treatment to control leafy spurge while sustaining western prairie fringed orchid populations and to evaluate the soil seedbank composition of leafy spurge-infested sites to guide long-term management strategies. Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid), imazapic {(+/-)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2=yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid}, and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] plus 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) were applied in the fall for 2 consecutive years, and changes in leafy spurge cover, density, yield, and herbaceous yield were assessed. In a separate study, quinclorac, imazapic, and glyphosate plus 2,4-D were each fall-applied to 12 western prairie fringed orchids and assessed for reoccurrence and density of orchids 1-year after treatment. Quinclorac and imazapic, but not glyphosate plus 2,4-D, reduced leafy spurge cover, density, and yield without causing deleterious effects to associated native herbaceous cover and yields. Western prairie fringed orchid reoccurrence and density were unaffected by any herbicide 1 year after treatment. Soil cores were removed in spring and fall following the first year herbicide treatment, washed and placed in trays. Seedlings were allowed to germinate for 16 weeks in the greenhouse. Over 50 plant species were identified in the soil seedbank, of which approximately 60% were early seral species indicative of disturbance. Given the dominance of leafy spurge in the seed bank, a long-term management program to control this noxious species is warranted. Although these results are promising, longer-term studies need be conducted to ensure that repeated herbicide treatments do not harm the western prairie fringed orchid.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Quinclorac reduced leafy spurge cover, density and yield.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurge
Euphorbia esulat0 - Treatment
- Quinclorace0
- Outcome
- leafy spurge cover, density, and yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quinclorac and imazapic, but not glyphosate plus 2,4-D, reduced leafy spurge cover, density, and yield”
t0“Leafy spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazapic reduced leafy spurge cover, density and yield.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- imazapice0
- Outcome
- leafy spurge cover, density, and yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quinclorac and imazapic, but not glyphosate plus 2,4-D, reduced leafy spurge cover, density, and yield”
t0“Leafy spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus 2,4-D did not reduce leafy spurge cover, density and yield.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- glyphosate plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- leafy spurge cover, density, and yielde0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quinclorac and imazapic, but not glyphosate plus 2,4-D, reduced leafy spurge cover, density, and yield”
t0“Leafy spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicides caused no deleterious effects on associated native herbaceous cover and yields.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- native herbaceous cover and yieldse0
- Direction
- without causing deleterious effectse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without causing deleterious effects to associated native herbaceous cover and yields”
t0“Leafy spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Western prairie fringed orchid reoccurrence and density were unaffected by any herbicide after one year.
- Taxon
- Western prairie fringed orchid
Platanthera praeclarae0 - Treatment
- any herbicidee0
- Outcome
- reoccurrence and densitye0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- 1 year after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Western prairie fringed orchid reoccurrence and density were unaffected by any herbicide 1 year after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Over 50 plant species were identified in the soil seedbank.
Verbatim
e0“Over 50 plant species were identified in the soil seedbank”
Claim · model-written summary
About 60% of seedbank species were early seral species indicative of disturbance.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- early seral species indicative of disturbancee0
- Value
- approximately 60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“approximately 60% were early seral species indicative of disturbance”
t0“Leafy spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend long-term leafy spurge control because it dominates the seedbank.
- Taxon
- leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulae0
- Outcome
- a long-term management program to control this noxious species is warrantede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Given the dominance of leafy spurge in the seed bank, a long-term management program to control this noxious species is warranted”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for longer studies of repeated herbicide effects on western prairie fringed orchid.
- Taxon
- western prairie fringed orchidPlatanthera praeclarae0
- Outcome
- longer-term studies need be conductede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term studies need be conducted to ensure that repeated herbicide treatments do not harm the western prairie fringed orchid”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · yield · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
2,4-D · yield · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →imazapic · yield · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.