Abstract
Leafy spurge control and forage production after various fall-applied herbicide treatment rotations were evaluated in a bluegrass pasture and a mixed grass prairie. Dicamba at 2 kg ae/ha or picloram at 0.6 kg ae/ha alone or combined with 2,4-D at 1 kg ae/ha applied annually for 3 yr provided consistent leafy spurge control of 85% or better, but forage production was greater at the bluegrass pasture site than the mixed grass prairie site. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 0.4 plus 0.7 kg ae/ha applied annually or rotated with picloram plus 2,4-D or dicamba provided 90% or better leafy spurge control after 3 yr at the bluegrass pasture. Control was 50% or less at the mixed grass prairie site where forage production was severely reduced by glyphosate plus 2,4-D. All treatments on the bluegrass pasture provided a positive economic return averaging $227/ha after 3 yr. Picloram or picloram plus 2,4-D at the mixed grass prairie site provided net returns averaging $285/ha, but treatment rotations that included glyphosate plus 2,4-D one or more times in 3 yr averaged a net loss of $32/ha due to severe grass injury.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Annual dicamba produced at least 85% leafy spurge control after three years.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurge
Euphorbia esulat0 - Treatment
- Dicamba at 2 kg ae/hae0
- Outcome
- leafy spurge controle0
- Direction
- 85% or bettere0
- Value
- 85% or bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba at 2 kg ae/ha or picloram at 0.6 kg ae/ha alone or combined with 2,4-D at 1 kg ae/ha applied annually for 3 yr provided consistent leafy spurge control of 85% or better”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual picloram produced at least 85% leafy spurge control after three years.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- picloram at 0.6 kg ae/hae0
- Outcome
- leafy spurge controle0
- Direction
- 85% or bettere0
- Value
- 85% or bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba at 2 kg ae/ha or picloram at 0.6 kg ae/ha alone or combined with 2,4-D at 1 kg ae/ha applied annually for 3 yr provided consistent leafy spurge control of 85% or better”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage production was greater in bluegrass pasture than mixed grass prairie.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- forage productione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- mixed grass prairie sitee0
- Setting
- bluegrass pasture sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“forage production was greater at the bluegrass pasture site than the mixed grass prairie site”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus 2,4-D applied annually or rotated gave at least 90% control in bluegrass pasture.
- Taxon
- leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 0.4 plus 0.7 kg ae/hae0
- Outcome
- leafy spurge controle0
- Direction
- 90% or bettere0
- Value
- 90% or bettere0
- Setting
- bluegrass pasturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 0.4 plus 0.7 kg ae/ha applied annually or rotated with picloram plus 2,4-D or dicamba provided 90% or better leafy spurge control after 3 yr at the bluegrass pasture”
Claim · model-written summary
Control in mixed grass prairie was 50% or less.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- Controle0
- Direction
- 50% or lesse0
- Value
- 50% or lesse0
- Setting
- mixed grass prairie sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control was 50% or less at the mixed grass prairie site where forage production was severely reduced by glyphosate plus 2,4-D”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus 2,4-D severely reduced forage production in mixed grass prairie.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- glyphosate plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- forage productione0
- Direction
- severely reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“forage production was severely reduced by glyphosate plus 2,4-D”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
All bluegrass pasture treatments yielded an average positive economic return of $227/ha.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- economic returne0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- $227/hae0
- Setting
- bluegrass pasturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments on the bluegrass pasture provided a positive economic return averaging $227/ha after 3 yr”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Picloram treatments in mixed grass prairie returned $285/ha on average.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Picloram or picloram plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- $285/hae0
- Setting
- mixed grass prairie sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Picloram or picloram plus 2,4-D at the mixed grass prairie site provided net returns averaging $285/ha”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotations including glyphosate plus 2,4-D had an average $32/ha loss.
- Taxon
- Leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- glyphosate plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- net losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- $32/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment rotations that included glyphosate plus 2,4-D one or more times in 3 yr averaged a net loss of $32/ha due to severe grass injury”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · yield · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
2,4-D · yield · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →2,4-D · control · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →dicamba · control · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
glyphosate · control · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →picloram · control · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
16 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.