Abstract
The sowing method and planting density of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) are two important tools for enhancing crop productivity and quality while reducing weeds infestation. This study was conducted to explore how to weed infestation, crop morphology, yield-related traits and fiber quality of cotton may be improved through the sowing method and planting density. Cotton line PB-896 was cultivated and hand thinned to maintain 59, 259 plants ha -1 , 44,444 plants ha -1 and 35, 555 plants ha -1 under three sowing methods (flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing) at Postgraduate Agriculture Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab during 2017 and 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement. Obtained results revealed that ridge sowing of cotton reduced the weed density by 25% in comparison to flat sowing. However, bed sowing of cotton increased the sympodial branches, opened bolls plant -1 , lint yield, seed index, and seed cotton yield by 48%, 52%, 38%, 39%, and 50% respectively as compared to flat sowing. Higher planting density found to be more efficient in weed reduction, however, lower planting density improved the monopodial branches (18%), total bolls plant -1 (14%), boll weight (16%), seed index (17%), and seed cotton yield (23%) than higher planting density. In terms of fiber quality, sowing methods only influenced the fiber uniformity that was comparatively higher in bed planting, while planting density only increased the fiber fineness that was better in lower planting density. In conclusion, the bed sowing method along with lower planting density found to be more efficient in improving crop morphology, yield, and yield-related traits.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge sowing reduced weed density by 25% relative to flat sowing.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- ridge sowinge0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- flat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ridge sowing of cotton reduced the weed density by 25% in comparison to flat sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing increased sympodial branches by 48% relative to flat sowing.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- bed sowinge0
- Outcome
- sympodial branchese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Comparator
- flat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bed sowing of cotton increased the sympodial branches, opened bolls plant -1 , lint yield, seed index, and seed cotton yield by 48%, 52%, 38%, 39%, and 50% respectively as compared to flat sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing increased opened bolls per plant by 52% relative to flat sowing.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- bed sowinge0
- Outcome
- opened bolls plant -1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Comparator
- flat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bed sowing of cotton increased the sympodial branches, opened bolls plant -1 , lint yield, seed index, and seed cotton yield by 48%, 52%, 38%, 39%, and 50% respectively as compared to flat sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing increased lint yield by 38% relative to flat sowing.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- bed sowinge0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- flat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bed sowing of cotton increased the sympodial branches, opened bolls plant -1 , lint yield, seed index, and seed cotton yield by 48%, 52%, 38%, 39%, and 50% respectively as compared to flat sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing increased seed index by 39% relative to flat sowing.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- bed sowinge0
- Outcome
- seed indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- flat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bed sowing of cotton increased the sympodial branches, opened bolls plant -1 , lint yield, seed index, and seed cotton yield by 48%, 52%, 38%, 39%, and 50% respectively as compared to flat sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing increased seed cotton yield by 50% relative to flat sowing.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- bed sowinge0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- flat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bed sowing of cotton increased the sympodial branches, opened bolls plant -1 , lint yield, seed index, and seed cotton yield by 48%, 52%, 38%, 39%, and 50% respectively as compared to flat sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher density was more efficient at reducing weeds.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Higher planting densitye0
- Outcome
- weed reductione0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher planting density found to be more efficient in weed reduction”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower density increased monopodial branches by 18% relative to higher density.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lower planting densitye0
- Outcome
- monopodial branchese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- higher planting densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower planting density improved the monopodial branches (18%), total bolls plant -1 (14%), boll weight (16%), seed index (17%), and seed cotton yield (23%) than higher planting density.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower density increased total bolls per plant by 14% relative to higher density.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lower planting densitye0
- Outcome
- total bolls plant -1e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- higher planting densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower planting density improved the monopodial branches (18%), total bolls plant -1 (14%), boll weight (16%), seed index (17%), and seed cotton yield (23%) than higher planting density.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower density increased boll weight by 16% relative to higher density.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lower planting densitye0
- Outcome
- boll weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- higher planting densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower planting density improved the monopodial branches (18%), total bolls plant -1 (14%), boll weight (16%), seed index (17%), and seed cotton yield (23%) than higher planting density.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower density increased seed index by 17% relative to higher density.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lower planting densitye0
- Outcome
- seed indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- higher planting densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower planting density improved the monopodial branches (18%), total bolls plant -1 (14%), boll weight (16%), seed index (17%), and seed cotton yield (23%) than higher planting density.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower density increased seed cotton yield by 23% relative to higher density.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lower planting densitye0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- higher planting densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower planting density improved the monopodial branches (18%), total bolls plant -1 (14%), boll weight (16%), seed index (17%), and seed cotton yield (23%) than higher planting density.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting had comparatively higher fiber uniformity among sowing methods.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- bed plantinge0
- Outcome
- fiber uniformitye0
- Direction
- comparatively highere0
- Comparator
- sowing methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing methods only influenced the fiber uniformity that was comparatively higher in bed planting”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower planting density produced better fiber fineness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lower planting densitye0
- Outcome
- fiber finenesse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planting density only increased the fiber fineness that was better in lower planting density.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that bed sowing with lower density is more efficient for improving cotton morphology and yield traits.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- bed sowing method along with lower planting densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bed sowing method along with lower planting density found to be more efficient in improving crop morphology, yield, and yield-related traits.”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
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