Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger are fungi which can contaminate dried figs before and after harvest and consequently produce aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Many approaches have been applied to minimise the growth of these filamentous fungi, mainly involving the use of synthetic fungicides which are limited due to their negative impact on human health and the environment. In this context, biocontrol is a recent approach that needs to be explored. This study evaluated the potential of three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), octanoic acid (OA), 2-phenylethyl acetate (2PEA) and furfuryl acetate (FA), produced by Hanseniaspora uvarum and Hanseniaspora opuntiae yeasts on the growth, germination, gene expression and production of AFs and OTA by A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 on dried fig-based agar and the incidence rates in dried figs. Two of the three VOCs evaluated (2PEA and FA) effectively controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 by using at least amounts of 50 μL (715 μL/L in the headspace) for FA and 100 μL (1430 μL/L in the headspace) for 2PEA in dried figs. One of the mode of actions of both compounds consists in early repressing the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of AFs (aflR) and OTA (pks) of A. flavus and A. niger, respectively. The results of this study support the application of 2PEA and FA at the early post-harvest stages of dried figs to control mycotoxin accumulation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
FA controlled A. flavus M144 in dried figs.
- Taxon
- dried figse0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Interactor
- A. flavus M144
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185e0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 50 μLe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of the three VOCs evaluated (2PEA and FA) effectively controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 by using at least amounts of 50 μL (715 μL/L in the headspace) for FA and 100 μL (1430 μL/L in the headspace) for 2PEA in dried figs.”
Claim · model-written summary
FA controlled A. niger M185 in dried figs.
- Taxon
- dried figse0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Interactor
- A. niger M185
Aspergillus nigere0pathogen - Outcome
- controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185e0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 50 μLe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of the three VOCs evaluated (2PEA and FA) effectively controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 by using at least amounts of 50 μL (715 μL/L in the headspace) for FA and 100 μL (1430 μL/L in the headspace) for 2PEA in dried figs.”
Claim · model-written summary
2PEA controlled A. flavus M144 in dried figs.
- Taxon
- dried figse0
- Treatment
- 2PEAe0
- Interactor
- A. flavus M144Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185e0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 100 μLe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of the three VOCs evaluated (2PEA and FA) effectively controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 by using at least amounts of 50 μL (715 μL/L in the headspace) for FA and 100 μL (1430 μL/L in the headspace) for 2PEA in dried figs.”
Claim · model-written summary
2PEA controlled A. niger M185 in dried figs.
- Taxon
- dried figse0
- Treatment
- 2PEAe0
- Interactor
- A. niger M185Aspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Outcome
- controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185e0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 100 μLe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of the three VOCs evaluated (2PEA and FA) effectively controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 by using at least amounts of 50 μL (715 μL/L in the headspace) for FA and 100 μL (1430 μL/L in the headspace) for 2PEA in dried figs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles repressed aflR expression in A. flavus.
- Taxon
- dried figst0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Gene
- aflRe0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of AFs (aflR) and OTA (pks)e0
- Direction
- repressinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the mode of actions of both compounds consists in early repressing the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of AFs (aflR) and OTA (pks) of A. flavus and A. niger, respectively.”
t0“dried figs”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles repressed pks expression in A. niger.
- Taxon
- dried figst0
- Interactor
- A. nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Gene
- pkse0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of AFs (aflR) and OTA (pks)e0
- Direction
- repressinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the mode of actions of both compounds consists in early repressing the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of AFs (aflR) and OTA (pks) of A. flavus and A. niger, respectively.”
t0“dried figs”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support early postharvest application of 2PEA and FA to control mycotoxins in dried figs.
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study support the application of 2PEA and FA at the early post-harvest stages of dried figs to control mycotoxin accumulation.”