Abstract
An ample quantity of water and sufficient nutrients are required for economical rice production to meet the challenges of ever-increasing food demand. Currently, slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers for efficient inputs utilization and maximum economic yield of field crops are in the limelight for researchers and farmers. In this study, we evaluated the comparative efficacy of conventional urea and coated urea (zinc and neem) on rice grown under aerobic and anaerobic regimes in greenhouse conditions. For the aerobic regime, field capacity was maintained at 80-100% to keep the soil aerated. On the other hand, for the anaerobic regime, pots were covered with a polythene sheet throughout the experimentation to create flooded conditions. All forms of urea, conventional and coated (zinc and neem), improved plant growth, gas exchange, yield, yield contributing parameters, and quality characteristics of rice crop. However, better performance in all attributes was found in the case of zinc-coated urea. Gas exchange attributes (photosynthetic rate, 30%, and stomatal conductance 24%), yield parameters like plant height (29%), tillers per plant (38%), spikelets per spike (31%), grains per panicle (42%), total biomass (53%), and grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea. The highest grain and straw nitrogen contents, grain protein contents, and grain water absorption ratio were also found in plants with zinc-coated urea applications. In irrigation practices, the anaerobic regime was found to be more responsive compared to the aerobic regime regarding rice growth, productivity, and quality traits. Thus, to enhance the productivity and quality of rice grown in anaerobic conditions, zinc-coated urea is best suited as it is more responsive when compared to other forms of urea.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
All tested urea forms improved rice growth, gas exchange, yield and quality.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- All forms of ureae0
- Outcome
- plant growth, gas exchange, yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All forms of urea, conventional and coated (zinc and neem), improved plant growth, gas exchange, yield, yield contributing parameters, and quality characteristics of rice crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-coated urea gave the best overall performance across measured attributes.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“better performance in all attributes was found in the case of zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate was maximal with zinc-coated urea at 30%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic rate, 30%, and stomatal conductance 24%”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance was maximal with zinc-coated urea at 24%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance 24%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height was maximal with zinc-coated urea at 29%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height (29%), tillers per plant (38%), spikelets per spike (31%), grains per panicle (42%), total biomass (53%), and grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillers per plant were maximal with zinc-coated urea at 38%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- zinc-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- tillers per plante0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 38%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tillers per plant (38%), spikelets per spike (31%), grains per panicle (42%), total biomass (53%), and grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spikelets per spike were maximal with zinc-coated urea at 31%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- zinc-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- spikelets per spikee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 31%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spikelets per spike (31%), grains per panicle (42%), total biomass (53%), and grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grains per panicle were maximal with zinc-coated urea at 42%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- zinc-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- grains per paniclee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 42%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grains per panicle (42%), total biomass (53%), and grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass was maximal with zinc-coated urea at 53%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- zinc-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 53%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total biomass (53%), and grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was maximal with zinc-coated urea at 45%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield (45%) were recorded to be maximum in rice plants treated with zinc-coated urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-coated urea produced the highest grain and straw nitrogen content and grain protein content.
- Treatment
- zinc-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- grain and straw nitrogen contents, grain protein contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain and straw nitrogen contents, grain protein contents, and grain water absorption ratio were also found in plants with zinc-coated urea applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-coated urea produced the highest grain water absorption ratio.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain and straw nitrogen contents, grain protein contents, and grain water absorption ratio were also found in plants with zinc-coated urea applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice growth, productivity and quality responded more under anaerobic than aerobic conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- anaerobic regimee0
- Outcome
- rice growth, productivity, and quality traitse0
- Direction
- more responsivee0
- Comparator
- aerobic regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the anaerobic regime was found to be more responsive compared to the aerobic regime regarding rice growth, productivity, and quality traits.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended zinc-coated urea for rice in anaerobic conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- zinc-coated urea is best suitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance the productivity and quality of rice grown in anaerobic conditions, zinc-coated urea is best suited”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · physiology: gas exchange · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.