Abstract
The agricultural scenario of the upcoming decades will face major challenges for the increased and sustainable agricultural production and the optimization of the efficiency of water and fertilizer inputs. Considering the current and foreseen water scarcity in several marginal and arid areas and the need for a more sustainable farming production, the selection and development of cultivars suitable to grow under low-input conditions is an urgent need. In this study, we assayed 42 tomato genotypes for thirty-two morpho-physiological and agronomic traits related to plant, fruit, and root characteristics under standard (control) and no-nitrogen fertilization or water deficit (30% of the amount given to non-stressed trials) treatments in two sites (environments), which corresponded to organic farms located in Italy and Spain. A broad range of variation was found for all traits, with significant differences between the applied treatments and the cultivation sites. Dissection of genotypic (G), environmental (E), and treatment (T) factors revealed that the three main factors were highly significant for many traits, although G was the main source of variation in most cases. G × E interactions were also important, while G × T and E × T were less relevant. Only fruit weight and blossom end rot were highly significant for the triple interaction (G × E × T). Reduction of water supply significantly increased the soluble solid content in both locations, whereas both nitrogen and water stress led to a general decrease in fruit weight and total yield. Despite so, several accessions exhibited better performances than the control when cultivated under stress. Among the accessions evaluated, hybrids were promising in terms of yield performance, while overall landraces and heirlooms exhibited a better quality. This suggests the possibility of exploiting both the variation within ancient varieties and the heterosis for yield of hybrids to select and breed new varieties with better adaptation to organic farming conditions, both under optimal and suboptimal conditions. The results shed light on the strategies to develop novel varieties for organic farming, giving hints into the management of inputs to adopt for a more sustainable tomato cultivation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All measured tomato traits varied broadly and differed significantly by treatment and site.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- all traitse0
- Direction
- significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A broad range of variation was found for all traits, with significant differences between the applied treatments and the cultivation sites.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype, environment and treatment were significant for many traits, with genotype the main variation source in most cases.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- many traitse0
Not reportedMaterialDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the three main factors were highly significant for many traits, although G was the main source of variation in most cases.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by environment interactions were important.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- G × E interactionse0
- Setting
- Ee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G × E interactions were also important, while G × T and E × T were less relevant.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by treatment and environment by treatment interactions were less relevant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Te0
- Outcome
- G × T and E × Te0
- Direction
- less relevante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G × E interactions were also important, while G × T and E × T were less relevant.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight showed a highly significant genotype by environment by treatment interaction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- G × E × Te0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only fruit weight and blossom end rot were highly significant for the triple interaction (G × E × T).”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Blossom end rot showed a highly significant genotype by environment by treatment interaction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- G × E × Te0
- Outcome
- blossom end rote0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only fruit weight and blossom end rot were highly significant for the triple interaction (G × E × T).”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced water supply increased soluble solids at both sites.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Reduction of water supplye0
- Outcome
- soluble solid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of water supply significantly increased the soluble solid content in both locations”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen stress decreased fruit weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogene0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both nitrogen and water stress led to a general decrease in fruit weight and total yield.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress decreased fruit weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both nitrogen and water stress led to a general decrease in fruit weight and total yield.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen stress decreased total yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogene0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both nitrogen and water stress led to a general decrease in fruit weight and total yield.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress decreased total yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both nitrogen and water stress led to a general decrease in fruit weight and total yield.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Several accessions performed better under stress than the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- accessionse0
- Outcome
- performancese0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several accessions exhibited better performances than the control when cultivated under stress.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids were promising for yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- hybridse0
- Outcome
- yield performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hybrids were promising in terms of yield performance”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Landraces and heirlooms generally had better quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- landraces and heirloomse0
- Outcome
- qualitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“landraces and heirlooms exhibited a better quality.”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest using ancient-variety variation and hybrid heterosis to breed tomatoes adapted to organic farming.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- select and breed new varieties with better adaptation to organic farming conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests the possibility of exploiting both the variation within ancient varieties and the heterosis for yield of hybrids to select and breed new varieties with better adaptation to organic farming conditions”
t0“Tomato Diversity Panel”
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