Abstract
The excess use of chemicals by farmers in the agroecosystems degrades soil quality, disturbs soil ecology, and increases soil salinity and health hazards in humans. Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop whose leaves contain steviol glycosides (SGs). The Bacillus safensis NAIMCC-B-02323 strain STJP from the rhizosphere of S. rebaudiana producing salicylic acid (16.80 µg/mL), chitinase (75.58 U/mL), β-1,3-glucanase (220.36 U/mL), and cellulase (170 U/mL) was taken as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The cell-free supernatant (CFS) from strain STJP showed significant biocontrol activity against Alternaria alternata (80%), suggesting the protective role of extracellular metabolite(s) against phytopathogens. Paneer whey-based bioformulation (P-WBF) was developed to exploit B. safensis STJP to enhance the growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties, stevioside content, and SGs biosynthesis in S. rebaudiana under an A. alternata-infested field. The combined treatment of P-WBF and mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum ABTEC) significantly enhanced plant growth parameters after 90 days, in comparison with control. The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza) displayed much better results in terms of chlorophyll a and b (improved by 132.85% and 39.80%, respectively), protein (by 278.75%), flavonoid (by 86.99%), carbohydrate (by 103.84%), antioxidant (by 75.11%), and stevioside (by 120.62%) contents in plants as compared to the untreated set. Further, the augmentation of potassium (by 132.39%), phosphorous (by 94.22%), and zinc (by 111.11%) uptake in plant tissues and soil was also observed by the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza. The expression of UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 genes related to SG biosynthesis was upregulated (2.7- and 3.2-fold, respectively) in plants treated with P-WBF and mycorrhiza as further confirmed by the accumulation of SGs. The results suggest that the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza not only provides an ecofriendly and sustainable solution to improve stevioside content in S. rebaudiana by a nutrient-linked mechanism but also paves the way to enhanced production of stevioside.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus supernatant inhibited Alternaria alternata by 80%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudiana
Stevia rebaudianae1 - Treatment
- cell-free supernatant (CFS) from strain STJPe0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Second interactor
- strain STJPe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biocontrol activity against Alternaria alternatae0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The cell-free supernatant (CFS) from strain STJP showed significant biocontrol activity against Alternaria alternata (80%)”
e1“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined formulation and mycorrhiza enhanced plant growth after 90 days versus control.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae1
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum ABTEC)e0
- Interactor
- Glomus fasciculatum ABTECRhizophagus fasciculatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined treatment of P-WBF and mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum ABTEC) significantly enhanced plant growth parameters after 90 days, in comparison with control”
e1“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved chlorophyll a by 132.85%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 132.85%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll a and b (improved by 132.85% and 39.80%, respectively)”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“as compared to the untreated set”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved chlorophyll b by 39.80%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and be0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 39.80%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll a and b (improved by 132.85% and 39.80%, respectively)”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“as compared to the untreated set”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved protein by 278.75%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 278.75%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein (by 278.75%)”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“as compared to the untreated set”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
e4“improved by 132.85%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved flavonoid by 86.99%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- flavonoide0
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 86.99%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoid (by 86.99%)”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“as compared to the untreated set”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
e4“improved by 132.85%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved carbohydrate by 103.84%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- carbohydratee0
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 103.84%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate (by 103.84%)”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“as compared to the untreated set”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
e4“improved by 132.85%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved antioxidant content by 75.11%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidante0
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 75.11%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant (by 75.11%)”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“as compared to the untreated set”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
e4“improved by 132.85%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved stevioside content by 120.62%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae2
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- steviosidee0
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 120.62%e0
- Comparator
- untreated sete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stevioside (by 120.62%) contents in plants as compared to the untreated set”
e1“The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza)”
e2“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
e3“improved by 132.85%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment augmented potassium uptake by 132.39%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae2
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- augmentatione0
- Value
- 132.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“augmentation of potassium (by 132.39%)”
e1“by the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza”
e2“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment augmented phosphorous uptake by 94.22%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae2
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae2symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorouse0
- Direction
- augmentatione1
- Value
- 94.22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorous (by 94.22%)”
e1“augmentation of potassium”
e2“by the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment augmented zinc uptake by 111.11%.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae3
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae2
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae2symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc (by 111.11%) uptake in plant tissues and soile0
- Direction
- augmentatione1
- Value
- 111.11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc (by 111.11%) uptake in plant tissues and soil”
e1“augmentation of potassium”
e2“by the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza”
e3“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment upregulated UGT74G1 expression 2.7-fold.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae1
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Gene
- UGT74G1e0
- Outcome
- expression of UGT74G1e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 2.7-e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 genes related to SG biosynthesis was upregulated (2.7- and 3.2-fold, respectively) in plants treated with P-WBF and mycorrhiza”
e1“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment upregulated UGT85C2 expression 3.2-fold.
- Taxon
- Stevia rebaudianaStevia rebaudianae1
- Treatment
- P-WBF and mycorrhizae0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Gene
- UGT85C2e0
- Outcome
- expression of UGT74G1 and UGT85C2e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 3.2-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 genes related to SG biosynthesis was upregulated (2.7- and 3.2-fold, respectively) in plants treated with P-WBF and mycorrhiza”
e1“Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.