Abstract
Biochar made-up of dry olive residue (DOR), a biomass resulting from the olive oil extraction industry, has been proposed to be used as a reclamation agent for the recovery of metal contaminated soils. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the soil application of DOR-based biochar alone or in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) leads to an enhancement in the functionality and abundance of microbial communities inhabiting metal contaminated soils. To study that, a greenhouse microcosm experiment was carried out, where the effect of the factors (i) soil application of DOR-based biochar, (ii) biochar pyrolysis temperature (considering the variants 350 and 500 °C), (iii) soil application dose of biochar (2 and 5%), (iv) soil contamination level (slightly, moderately and highly polluted), (v) soil treatment time (30, 60 and 90 days) and (vi) soil inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (AM fungus) on β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities, FA (fatty acid)-based abundance of soil microbial communities, soil glomalin content and AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm were evaluated. Biochar soil amendment did not stimulate enzyme activities but increased microbial abundances. Dehydrogenase activity and microbial abundances were found to be higher in less contaminated soils and at shorter treatment times. Biochar pyrolysis temperature and application dose differently affected enzyme activities, but while the first factor did not have a significant effect on glucosidase and dehydrogenase, a higher biochar dose resulted in boosted microbial abundances. Soil inoculation with F. mosseae favored the proliferation of soil AMF community and increased soil glomalin content as well as rates of AMF root colonization. This factor also interacted with many of the others evaluated to significantly affect soil enzyme activities, microbial abundances and AMF community. Our results indicate that the application of DOR-based biochar along with AMF fungi is an appropriate approach to improve the status of microbial communities in soils with a moderate metal contamination at short-term.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar did not stimulate enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheat plants
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Biochar soil amendmente0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- did not stimulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar soil amendment did not stimulate enzyme activities”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased microbial abundances.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Biochar soil amendmente0
- Outcome
- microbial abundancese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar soil amendment did not stimulate enzyme activities but increased microbial abundances”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrogenase activity was higher in less contaminated soils.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- Dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- less contaminated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dehydrogenase activity and microbial abundances were found to be higher in less contaminated soils and at shorter treatment times”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial abundances were higher in less contaminated soils.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- microbial abundancese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- less contaminated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dehydrogenase activity and microbial abundances were found to be higher in less contaminated soils and at shorter treatment times”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrogenase activity was higher at shorter treatment times.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- shorter treatment timese0
- Outcome
- Dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dehydrogenase activity and microbial abundances were found to be higher in less contaminated soils and at shorter treatment times”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial abundances were higher at shorter treatment times.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- shorter treatment timese0
- Outcome
- microbial abundancese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dehydrogenase activity and microbial abundances were found to be higher in less contaminated soils and at shorter treatment times”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrolysis temperature affected enzyme activities differently.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Biochar pyrolysis temperaturee0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar pyrolysis temperature and application dose differently affected enzyme activities”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application dose affected enzyme activities differently.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application dosee0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar pyrolysis temperature and application dose differently affected enzyme activities”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrolysis temperature had no significant effect on glucosidase.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Biochar pyrolysis temperaturee0
- Outcome
- glucosidasee0
- Direction
- did not have a significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar pyrolysis temperature and application dose differently affected enzyme activities, but while the first factor did not have a significant effect on glucosidase and dehydrogenase”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrolysis temperature had no significant effect on dehydrogenase.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Biochar pyrolysis temperaturee0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- did not have a significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar pyrolysis temperature and application dose differently affected enzyme activities, but while the first factor did not have a significant effect on glucosidase and dehydrogenase”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher biochar dose boosted microbial abundances.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- higher biochar dosee0
- Outcome
- microbial abundancese0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher biochar dose resulted in boosted microbial abundances”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased soil AMF proliferation.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Soil inoculation with F. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- F. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- proliferation of soil AMF communitye0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil inoculation with F. mosseae favored the proliferation of soil AMF community and increased soil glomalin content as well as rates of AMF root colonization”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased soil glomalin content.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Soil inoculation with F. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil glomalin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil inoculation with F. mosseae favored the proliferation of soil AMF community and increased soil glomalin content as well as rates of AMF root colonization”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased root AMF colonization.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Soil inoculation with F. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- rates of AMF root colonizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil inoculation with F. mosseae favored the proliferation of soil AMF community and increased soil glomalin content as well as rates of AMF root colonization”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation interactions significantly affected soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- This factore0
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This factor also interacted with many of the others evaluated to significantly affect soil enzyme activities, microbial abundances and AMF community”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation interactions significantly affected microbial abundances.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- This factore0
- Outcome
- microbial abundancese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This factor also interacted with many of the others evaluated to significantly affect soil enzyme activities, microbial abundances and AMF community”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation interactions significantly affected AMF community.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- This factore0
- Outcome
- AMF communitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This factor also interacted with many of the others evaluated to significantly affect soil enzyme activities, microbial abundances and AMF community”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors endorse biochar and AMF for moderately contaminated soils over short times.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- application of DOR-based biochar along with AMF fungie0
- Qualifier
- soils with a moderate metal contamination at short-terme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of DOR-based biochar along with AMF fungi is an appropriate approach to improve the status of microbial communities in soils with a moderate metal contamination at short-term”
e1“AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm”
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